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Review
. 2021 May 26;13(11):1737.
doi: 10.3390/polym13111737.

Two Fascinating Polysaccharides: Chitosan and Starch. Some Prominent Characterizations for Applying as Eco-Friendly Food Packaging and Pollutant Remover in Aqueous Medium. Progress in Recent Years: A Review

Nancy Alvarado  1 , Romina L Abarca  2 , Cristian Linares-Flores  3
Affiliations
Review

Two Fascinating Polysaccharides: Chitosan and Starch. Some Prominent Characterizations for Applying as Eco-Friendly Food Packaging and Pollutant Remover in Aqueous Medium. Progress in Recent Years: A Review

Nancy Alvarado et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

The call to use biodegradable, eco-friendly materials is urgent. The use of biopolymers as a replacement for the classic petroleum-based materials is increasing. Chitosan and starch have been widely studied with this purpose: to be part of this replacement. The importance of proper physical characterization of these biopolymers is essential for the intended application. This review focuses on characterizations of chitosan and starch, approximately from 2017 to date, in one of their most-used applications: food packaging for chitosan and as an adsorbent agent of pollutants in aqueous medium for starch.

Keywords: bio-adsorbent; biopolymers; eco-friendly; food packaging; physical characterization; waste.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Main species cultivated worldwide in 2018 [4].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Starch-containing food products produced in 2019 [5].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Some chitosan applications.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of (a) chitosan and (b) chitosan with extract fungi incorporated in films; (B) (a) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and (b) DTGA (derivative thermogravimetric analysis) of chitosan and chitosan with extract fungi incorporated in films. (Reprinted from ref. [114]. Copyright 2020 with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Use of starch as remover pollutant in different ways.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elemental analysis of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-treated hydrogel after ion adsorption (initial Cu2+ concentration of 0.4 g/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.3 g/L, pH level of 5). (Reprinted from ref. [15]. Copyright 2019 with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 7
Figure 7
The adsorption mechanism of Hg(II) ions removed by polysulfide complex material starch based. (Reprinted from ref. [134]. Copyright 2021 with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) Typical X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) wide scan spectra, (b) Cd 3d and (c) S 2p XPS spectra of CdS, CMS, CdS/CMS-1, CdS/CMS-2, CdS/CMS-3, and CdS/CMS-4. (Reprinted from ref. [135]. Copyright 2020 with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Reusability cycles of for the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) over starch-salicylaldehyde nanocomposites (2 mg, in 25 mL volume, time 60 min and the initial concentration 50 ppm). (Reprinted from ref. [122]. Copyright 2020 with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Adsorption efficiency of 11 pesticides by adsorbent mesoporous activated carbon from starch after various cycles of regeneration. (Reprinted from ref. [152]. Copyright 2019 with permission from Elsevier).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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