Methylmercury Can Facilitate the Formation of Dehydroalanine in Selenoenzymes: Insight from DFT Molecular Modeling

Abstract

Experimental studies have indicated that electrophilic mercury forms (e.g., methylmercury, MeHg⁺) can accelerate the breakage of selenocysteine in vitro. Particularly, in 2009, Khan et al. (Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 28, 1567-1577) proposed a mechanism for the degradation of a free methylmercury selenocysteinate complex that was theoretically supported by Asaduzzaman et al. (Inorg. Chem. 2010, 50, 2366-2372). However, little is known about the fate of methylmercury selenocysteinate complexes embedded in an enzyme, especially in conditions of oxidative stress in which methylmercury target enzymes operate. Here, an accurate computational study on molecular models (level of theory: COSMO-ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/TZ2P) was carried out to investigate the formation of dehydroalanine (Dha) in selenoenzymes, which irreversibly impairs their function. Methylselenocysteine as well as methylcysteine and methyltellurocysteine were included to gain insight on the peculiar behavior of selenium. Dha forms in a two-step process, i.e., the oxidation of the chalcogen nucleus followed by a syn-elimination leading to the alkene and the chalcogenic acid. The effect of an excess of hydrogen peroxide, which may lead to the formation of chalcogenones before the elimination, and of MeHg⁺, a severe toxicant targeting selenoproteins, which leads to the formation of methylmercury selenocysteinate, are also studied with the aim of assessing whether these pathological conditions facilitate the formation of Dha. Indeed, elimination occurs after chalcogen oxidation and MeHg⁺ facilitates the process. These results indicate a possible mechanism of toxicity of MeHg⁺ in selenoproteins.