Restricted Visual Scanpaths During Emotion Recognition in Childhood Social Anxiety Disorder

Abstract

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) has its typical onset in childhood and adolescence. Maladaptive processing of social information may contribute to the etiology and maintenance of SAD. During face perception, individuals execute a succession of visual fixations known as a scanpath which facilitates information processing. Atypically long scanpaths have been reported in adults with SAD, but no data exists from pediatric samples. SAD has also been linked to atypical arousal during face perception. Both metrics were examined in one of the largest eye-tracking studies of pediatric SAD to date. Methods: Participants were children and adolescents with SAD (n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 39) with a mean age of 14 years (range 10-17) who completed an emotion recognition task. The visual scanpath and pupil dilation (an indirect index of arousal) were examined using eye tracking. Results: Scanpaths of youth with SAD were shorter, less distributed, and consisted of a smaller number of fixations than those of healthy controls. These findings were supported by both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. Higher pupil dilation was also observed in the SAD group, but despite a statistically significant group difference, this result was not supported by the Bayesian analysis. Conclusions: The results were contrary to findings from adult studies, but similar to what has been reported in neurodevelopmental conditions associated with social interaction impairments. Restricted scanpaths may disrupt holistic representation of faces known to favor adaptive social understanding.

Keywords: attention bias; child and adolescent; emotion; eye tracking; social anxiety disorder; social attention; visual scanpaths.

Figure 1

Example of stimulus images with actors displaying an angry (A), fearful (B), and happy (C) expression.

Figure 2

Example of a long scanpath [(A); scanpath length and RMS values above 75th percentile. Healthy participant] and restricted scanpath [(B); scanpath length and RMS values below 25th percentile. Participant with SAD]. Red circles represent fixations.

Figure 3

Scanpath length in degrees of the visual field (A), scanpath dispersion (B), and pupil dilation (C) in the SAD and HC groups. Figures show estimated marginal means and 95% confidence intervals *p < 0.01; **p < 0.05.