Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Jul;160(1):50-57.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.03.026. Epub 2021 Jun 3.

Assessment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms on orthodontic adhesives over 7 days

Benjamin J Schneider  1 , Rochelle D Hiers  2 , G Frans Currier  1 , Onur Kadioglu  1 , Sarah E Johnston  3 , Yan D Zhao  3 , Fernando L Esteban Florez  2 , Sharukh S Khajotia  4
Affiliations

Assessment of Streptococcus mutans biofilms on orthodontic adhesives over 7 days

Benjamin J Schneider et al. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021 Jul.

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism of Streptococcus mutans biofilms after 1-7 days of growth on different orthodontic adhesives.

Methods: Specimens of 6 commercial orthodontic adhesives were fabricated in custom-made molds and polymerized using a light-emitting diode light-curing unit. Bioluminescent S mutans (UA159:JM10) biofilms were grown on ultraviolet-sterilized specimens for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days (n = 18 biofilms/d/product) in anaerobic conditions at 37°C. The metabolism of biofilms (relative luminescence unit [RLU]) was measured 0, 2, 4, and 6 minutes after exposure to D-luciferin solution using a microplate reader. A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the logarithm of RLU (log RLU). The model included fixed effects of products, days, and minutes. Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests were then performed on the significant predictors of log RLU (α = 0.05).

Results: Days (P <0.0001) and minutes (P <0.0001) were independent predictors of log RLU, but the products were not (P = 0.5869). After adjusting for minutes, the log RLU was analyzed with a post-hoc test, and all differences between days were significant with the exceptions of day 3 from day 5 (P = 0.0731) and day 5 from day 7 (P = 0.8802). After adjusting for day, log RLU was analyzed with a post-hoc test and all differences in minutes were significant.

Conclusions: No significant differences in the metabolism of S mutans biofilms were observed among the 6 orthodontic adhesives. Biofilms that were grown for 3 days demonstrated the highest levels of biofilm metabolism as evidenced by higher mean log RLU values relative to 1, 5, and 7-day growth durations.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1(a-f):
Figure 1(a-f):
Mean log RLU values by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each product tested measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. a) Bracepaste (BP) b) GrēnGloo (GG) c) GoTo (GT) d) NeoBond (NB) e) OpalBond MV (OB) f) Transbond XT (TX)
Figure 1(a-f):
Figure 1(a-f):
Mean log RLU values by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each product tested measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. a) Bracepaste (BP) b) GrēnGloo (GG) c) GoTo (GT) d) NeoBond (NB) e) OpalBond MV (OB) f) Transbond XT (TX)
Figure 1(a-f):
Figure 1(a-f):
Mean log RLU values by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each product tested measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. a) Bracepaste (BP) b) GrēnGloo (GG) c) GoTo (GT) d) NeoBond (NB) e) OpalBond MV (OB) f) Transbond XT (TX)
Figure 1(a-f):
Figure 1(a-f):
Mean log RLU values by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each product tested measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. a) Bracepaste (BP) b) GrēnGloo (GG) c) GoTo (GT) d) NeoBond (NB) e) OpalBond MV (OB) f) Transbond XT (TX)
Figure 1(a-f):
Figure 1(a-f):
Mean log RLU values by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each product tested measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. a) Bracepaste (BP) b) GrēnGloo (GG) c) GoTo (GT) d) NeoBond (NB) e) OpalBond MV (OB) f) Transbond XT (TX)
Figure 1(a-f):
Figure 1(a-f):
Mean log RLU values by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each product tested measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. a) Bracepaste (BP) b) GrēnGloo (GG) c) GoTo (GT) d) NeoBond (NB) e) OpalBond MV (OB) f) Transbond XT (TX)
Figure 2(a-d):
Figure 2(a-d):
Mean log RLU values for by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each day of biofilm growth on each product tested. a) 1 day of biofilm growth b) 3 days of biofilm growth c) 5 days of biofilm growth d) 7 days of biofilm growth
Figure 2(a-d):
Figure 2(a-d):
Mean log RLU values for by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each day of biofilm growth on each product tested. a) 1 day of biofilm growth b) 3 days of biofilm growth c) 5 days of biofilm growth d) 7 days of biofilm growth
Figure 2(a-d):
Figure 2(a-d):
Mean log RLU values for by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each day of biofilm growth on each product tested. a) 1 day of biofilm growth b) 3 days of biofilm growth c) 5 days of biofilm growth d) 7 days of biofilm growth
Figure 2(a-d):
Figure 2(a-d):
Mean log RLU values for by minute (0, 2, 4 and 6) separately for each day of biofilm growth on each product tested. a) 1 day of biofilm growth b) 3 days of biofilm growth c) 5 days of biofilm growth d) 7 days of biofilm growth
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnett AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod 1982;81:93–98. - PubMed
    1. Migliorati M, Isaia L, Cassaro A, Rivetti A, Silvestrini-Biavati F, Gastaldo L et al. Efficacy of professional hygiene and prophylaxis on preventing plaque increase in orthodontic patients with multibracket appliances: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod 2015;37:297–307. - PubMed
    1. Ogaard B Prevalence of White Spot Lesions in 19-Year-Old - A Study on Untreated and Orthodontically Treated Persons 5 Years After Treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989;96:423–427. - PubMed
    1. Munjal D, Garg S, Dhindsa A, Sidhu GK, Sethi HS. Assessment of White Spot Lesions and In-Vivo Evaluation of the Effect of CPP-ACP on White Spot Lesions in Permanent Molars of Children. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10:ZC149–ZC154. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ho CS, Ming Y, Foong KW, Rosa V, Thuyen T, Seneviratne CJ. Streptococcus mutans forms xylitol-resistant biofilm on excess adhesive flash in novel ex-vivo orthodontic bracket model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;151:669–677. - PubMed