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Review
. 2021 May 18:30:e00631.
doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00631. eCollection 2021 Jun.

Enzymatic synthesis of amphiphilic carbohydrate esters: Influence of physicochemical and biochemical parameters

Erika Zago  1 , Nicolas Joly  1 , Ludovic Chaveriat  1 , Vincent Lequart  1 , Patrick Martin  1
Affiliations
Review

Enzymatic synthesis of amphiphilic carbohydrate esters: Influence of physicochemical and biochemical parameters

Erika Zago et al. Biotechnol Rep (Amst). .

Abstract

Glycolipids, carbohydrate fatty esters or sugar esters are amphiphilic molecules containing hydrophilic groups bonded to hydrophobic parent structures. Recently, glycolipids have shown their antimicrobial and antitumor capacities. Their surface activity properties have applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Sugar esters' building blocks can be obtained from natural resources and/or be transformed by biochemical pathways for uses as surfactants. Biosurfactants are non-ionic, nontoxic, biodegradable, tasteless, and odourless. The biocatalysis of these molecules involves sustainable, green, and safer methods. The advantages of producing biosurfactants from enzymatic catalysis are the energy economy, high selectivity, production of natural products, reduction of the use of fossil-based solvents and chloride compounds. This review presents the most recent studies concerning the evaluation of the impact of the main parameters and their levels influencing the enzymatic synthesis of glycolipids. Various enzyme catalysed synthetic methods were described. The parameters studied were temperature, reaction time, solvent system, type of biocatalyst, substrates molar ratio proportion and the nature of substrates. This review discusses the influence of different biocatalysts in the conversions of glycolipids; The reactivity from mono to polysaccharides and their interaction with fatty acids of different carbon chain lengths in the presence of specific enzymes; The effect of the solvent polarity, the use of multiple solvents, ionic liquids, supercritical CO2, and solvent-free media in sugar ester conversions; And the optimization of temperature and reaction time in different enzymatic systems.

Keywords: Biocatalysis; Biosurfactants; Enzymes; Glycolipids; Sugar esters.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publishing of the paper in Biotechnology Reports, that the paper has not been published elsewhere, and doesn’t include any form of plagiarism. All the authors mentioned above have approved the manuscript and have agreed with the submission of the manuscript.

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