Biosynthesis and characterization of platinum nanoparticles using Iraqi Zahidi dates and evaluation of their biological applications

Abstract

Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were synthesized by utilizing the Zahidi dates extract by green synthesis technique. Platinum salts were successfully reduced to their corresponding Pt NPs in the presence of aqueous dates extract which considers a rich source of phytochemicals that led to the reduction of Pt⁺⁴ to Pt° atoms by providing electrons for these ions. Many techniques characterized the nanoparticles. TEM analysis showed that the Pt NPs were exhibited in diameters ranging from (30-45) nm. FE-SEM images display nanoparticles in spherical shapes. AFM screening shows that Platinum nanoparticles had small size distribution. XRD diffraction examination showed that the formation of Platinum nanoparticles exhibits a face centred cubic crystalline structure by spectrum comparative to the standard confirmed spectrum of Platinum particles produced in the experiments were in the shape of nanocrystals. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum showed various peaks ranging from (400-4000) cm^-1 used to identify the functional groups responsible for reducing and capping of Pt NPs. Cancer cells including the ovarian cancer SKO-3 cell line and Oesophageal cancer SK-GT-4 cell line were exposed to a series of prepared Platinum nanoparticle concentrations (0.00125, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01) M, and the inhibition rate of growth in cells was measured for 72 h. The cytotoxicity screening showed that there was a highly toxic effect on the cancer cells. Gram-negative bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive bacterial strain Streptococcus pyogenes were exposed to a series of concentrations from prepared Platinum nanoparticles (0.00125, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01) M. The results exhibited significant inhibitory activity and the rate of bacterial growth inhibition increased with increasing concentration.

Keywords: Green synthesis; Ovarian cancer; Platinum nanoparticles; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Streptococcus pyogenes.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Preparation of Zahidi dates extract.

Fig. 2

Illustration graphic for green synthesis of Platinum nanoparticles from Zahidi dates extract (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article).

Fig. 3

Proposed mechanism for bio fabrication and stabilization of Pt NPs by extract of plants.

Fig. 4

TEM micrograph Pt NPs (a) 30 nm and (b) 150 nm.

Fig. 5

SEM micrograph Pt NPs (a) 200 nm and (b) 100 nm.

Fig. 6

AFM analysis for Pt NPs (a) 2-dimension (b) 3-dimension structure and (c) Average distribution for Pt NPs.

Fig. 7

XRD of Pt NPs synthesized by Zahidi dates extract.

Fig. 8

FT-IR spectrum of Pt NPs.

Fig. 9

(a) Cytotoxic effect of Zahidi Pt NPs in SK-GT-4. (b) Cytotoxic effect of Zahidi Pt NPs in SKO-3 cell lines.

Fig. 10

(a) Control untreated SK-GT-4 cells. (b) Control untreated SKO-3 cells. (c) Morphological changes in SK-GT-4 cell line after treated with Zahidi Pt NPs. (d) Morphological changes in SKO-3 cell line after treated with Zahidi Pt NPs.

Fig. 11

(a) Antibacterial activity of Zahidi Pt NPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (b) Zone of inhibition for Pt NPs in mm.

Fig. 12

(a) Antibacterial activity of Zahidi Pt NPs against Streptococcus pyogenes. (b) Zone of inhibition for Pt NPs in mm.