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Review
. 2021 May 15:21:220-241.
doi: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.002. eCollection 2021 Jun 25.

Angiogenesis-related non-coding RNAs and gastrointestinal cancer

Zahra Sadat Razavi  1 , Kasra Asgarpour  2 , Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran  3 , Susan Rasouli  1 , Haroon Khan  4 , Mohammad Karim Shahrzad  5 , Michael R Hamblin  6 , Hamed Mirzaei  7
Affiliations
Review

Angiogenesis-related non-coding RNAs and gastrointestinal cancer

Zahra Sadat Razavi et al. Mol Ther Oncolytics. .

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are among the main reasons for cancer death globally. The deadliest types of GI cancer include colon, stomach, and liver cancers. Multiple lines of evidence have shown that angiogenesis has a key role in the growth and metastasis of all GI tumors. Abnormal angiogenesis also has a critical role in many non-malignant diseases. Therefore, angiogenesis is considered to be an important target for improved cancer treatment. Despite much research, the mechanisms governing angiogenesis are not completely understood. Recently, it has been shown that angiogenesis-related non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) could affect the development of angiogenesis in cancer cells and tumors. The broad family of ncRNAs, which include long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, are related to the development, promotion, and metastasis of GI cancers, especially in angiogenesis. This review discusses the role of ncRNAs in mediating angiogenesis in various types of GI cancers and looks forward to the introduction of mimetics and antagonists as possible therapeutic agents.

Keywords: angiogenesis; circular RNAs; gastrointestinal cancers; long non-coding RNAs; microRNAs; non-coding RNAs.

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Conflict of interest statement

M.R.H. declares the following potential conflicts of interest. Scientific Advisory Boards: Transdermal Cap, Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA; BeWell Global, Inc., Wan Chai, Hong Kong; Hologenix, Inc., Santa Monica, CA, USA; LumiThera, Inc., Poulsbo, WA, USA; Vielight, Toronto, ON, Canada; Bright Photomedicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Quantum Dynamics, LLC, Cambridge, MA, USA; Global Photon, Inc., Bee Cave, TX, USA; Medical Coherence, Boston, MA, USA; NeuroThera, Newark, DE, USA; JOOVV, Inc., Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, USA; AIRx Medical, Pleasanton, CA, USA; FIR Industries, Inc., Ramsey, NJ, USA; UVLRx Therapeutics, Oldsmar, FL, USA; Ultralux UV, Inc., Lansing, MI, USA; Illumiheal & Petthera, Shoreline, WA, USA; MB Lasertherapy, Houston, TX, USA; ARRC LED, San Clemente, CA, USA; Varuna Biomedical Corp., Incline Village, NV, USA; Niraxx Light Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, MA, USA. Consulting; Lexington Int., Boca Raton, FL, USA; USHIO Corp., Japan; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Philips Electronics Nederland B.V., Eindhoven, Netherlands; Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA; Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Stockholdings: Global Photon Inc., Bee Cave, TX, USA; Mitonix, Newark, DE, USA. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of FGFs and their receptors and related signaling pathways
Figure 2
Figure 2
MicroRNA biogenesis
Figure 3
Figure 3
Classification of lncRNAs based on structural origin (A) Enhancer RNAs are transcribed in one (1D-eRNAs) or two senses (2D-eRNAs) by genomic transcriptional enhancers, commonly situated near to protein-coding genes. (B) Divergent lncRNAs: the adjacent protein coding gene and the lncRNA are transcribed on opposite strands. (C) Overlapping lncRNAs: protein-coding genes are overlapped with the lncRNA intron. (D) Intronic lncRNAs: the entire sequence of the lncRNA is contained within the intron of a gene. Ea. sense or Eb. antisense types: the lncRNA is located between the exons of a different transcript on the antisense/sense strand. (F) Intergenic lncRNAs: the sequence of lncRNA is contained within two distinct genes as a single unit.
Figure 4
Figure 4
lncRNA classification based on their function lncRNAs are involved in mRNA transcription, epigenetic modulation, nuclear organization, and altered splicing at the nuclear level. In the cytoplasm, lncRNAs can act as enhancers for mRNA translation, miRNA sponges, generators of endogenous siRNA, scaffolds for protein complexes, and protectors of mRNA.
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