Using SNSs for early detection of disease outbreak in developing countries: evidence from COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria

Abstract

Developing countries, particularly Nigeria, continually find it challenging to proactively and actively carry out early-stage surveillance for disease outbreaks due to the lack of quality workforce, a dearth of public health data, and the absence of automated surveillance systems in the country. This study presents the potential and ability of Twitter in tracking early detection of COVID-19, monitoring the dissemination of information, and exploration of public awareness and attitudes among Nigerians. Tweets mentioning COVID-19 and related keywords were collected in 11 batches via the NCapture™ plugin available on Google Chrome from February 20 - May 6, 2020. The analysis includes a time series analysis to track the distribution of data and content analysis to analyze the knowledge and attitudes of Nigerians. A total of 67,989 tweets (1,484 unique and 66,505 retweets) citing COVID-19 and related keywords were returned. The Tweets started to emerge earlier to the first confirmed case in Nigeria while maintaining a dangling-upward movement up to the 11th week under study. Matters arising from the tweets include a dearth of information on COVID-19 and optimism among others. The results provide insight into the intersection of SNSs and public health surveillance. Results show how helpful Twitter is to educate education in public health. Health organizations and the government may benefit from paying attention to both amusing and emotional contents from the Twitter community to formulate a viable policy for treatment and control.

Keywords: COVID-19; Nigeria; Public health surveillance; Qualitative research; Twitter.

Figure 1

Trend of Information spread and time trends in COVID-19 related tweets between a week before the first reported case and the end of the first phase of National lockdown in Nigeria. NCDC.

Figure 2

COVID-19 Cases between a week before the first reported case and the end of the first phase of National lockdown in Nigeria. NCDC.

Figure 3

Perceptions and attitudinal change that COVID-19 belongs to the rich only.

Figure 4

Expression of optimism.

Figure 5

Chloroquine, as a potential cure for COVID-19 pandemic.

Figure 6

Rumor that ‘black blood’ was immune to the virus.

Figure 7

Discussion around the fact COVID-19 is an imported virus (Index case).

Figure 8

Discussions following heightened community spread and death, people seemed to take the virus more seriously.

Figure 9

Narratives about various other issues that are as sacrosanct and deadly as COVID-19; other diseases, poverty, killings and corruption.

Figure 10

Some economic, social, and political concerns; the consequence of the pandemic and its curtailing measures. Some of the good that a platform like Twitter has done include rapid novel information dissemination; conventional platforms like textbooks and journals do not have this type of reach.