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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Jun 8;6(6):CD002958.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002958.pub2.

Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants

Eleanor Jones  1 , Fiona Stewart  2 , Beck Taylor  1 , Peter G Davis  3 , Stephanie J Brown  4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants

Eleanor Jones et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Length of postnatal hospital stay has declined dramatically in the past 50 years. There is ongoing controversy about whether staying less time in hospital is harmful or beneficial. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2002, and previously updated in 2009.

Objectives: To assess the effects of a policy of early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants in terms of important maternal, infant and paternal health and related outcomes.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (21 May 2021) and the reference lists of retrieved articles.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials comparing early discharge from hospital of healthy mothers and term infants (at least 37 weeks' gestation and greater than or equal to 2500 g), with the standard care in the respective settings in which trials were conducted. Trials using allocation methods that were not truly random (e.g. based on patient number or day of the week), trials with a cluster-randomisation design and trials published only in abstract form were also eligible for inclusion.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted and checked data for accuracy, and assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. We contacted authors of ongoing trials for additional information.

Main results: We identified 17 trials (involving 9409 women) that met our inclusion criteria. We did not identify any trials from low-income countries. There was substantial variation in the definition of 'early discharge', ranging from six hours to four to five days. The extent of antenatal preparation and midwifery home care offered to women following discharge in intervention and control groups also varied considerably among trials. Nine trials recruited and randomised women in pregnancy, seven trials randomised women following childbirth and one did not report whether randomisation took place before or after childbirth. Risk of bias was generally unclear in most domains due to insufficient reporting of trial methods. The certainty of evidence is moderate to low and the reasons for downgrading were high or unclear risk of bias, imprecision (low numbers of events or wide 95% confidence intervals (CI)), and inconsistency (heterogeneity in direction and size of effect). Infant outcomes Early discharge probably slightly increases the number of infants readmitted within 28 days for neonatal morbidity (including jaundice, dehydration, infections) (risk ratio (RR) 1.59, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.98; 6918 infants; 10 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). In the early discharge group, the risk of infant readmission was 69 per 1000 infants compared to 43 per 1000 infants in the standard care group. It is uncertain whether early discharge has any effect on the risk of infant mortality within 28 days (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.04 to 3.74; 4882 infants; two studies; low-certainty evidence). Early postnatal discharge probably makes little to no difference in the number of infants having at least one unscheduled medical consultation or contact with health professionals within the first four weeks after birth (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.16; 639 infants; four studies; moderate-certainty evidence). Maternal outcomes Early discharge probably results in little to no difference in women readmitted within six weeks postpartum for complications related to childbirth (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.54; 6992 women; 11 studies; moderate-certainty evidence) but the wide 95% CI indicates the possibility that the true effect is either an increase or a reduction in risk. Similarly, early discharge may result in little to no difference in the risk of depression within six months postpartum (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.42; 4333 women; five studies; low-certainty evidence) but the wide 95% CI suggests the possibility that the true effect is either an increase or a reduction in risk. Early discharge probably results in little to no difference in women breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.13; 7156 women; 10 studies; moderate-certainty evidence) or in the number of women having at least one unscheduled medical consultation or contact with health professionals (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.20; 464 women; two studies; moderate-certainty evidence). Maternal mortality within six weeks postpartum was not reported in any of the studies. Costs Early discharge may slightly reduce the costs of hospital care in the period immediately following the birth up to the time of discharge (low-certainty evidence; data not pooled) but it may result in little to no difference in costs of postnatal care following discharge from hospital, in the period up to six weeks after the birth (low-certainty evidence; data not pooled).

Authors' conclusions: The definition of 'early discharge' varied considerably among trials, which made interpretation of results challenging. Early discharge probably leads to a higher risk of infant readmission within 28 days of birth, but probably makes little to no difference to the risk of maternal readmission within six weeks postpartum. We are uncertain if early discharge has any effect on the risk of infant or maternal mortality. With regard to maternal depression, breastfeeding, the number of contacts with health professionals, and costs of care, there may be little to no difference between early discharge and standard discharge but further trials measuring these outcomes are needed in order to enhance the level of certainty of the evidence. Large well-designed trials of early discharge policies, incorporating process evaluation and using standardized approaches to outcome assessment, are needed to assess the uptake of co-interventions. Since none of the evidence presented here comes from low-income countries, where infant and maternal mortality may be higher, it is important to conduct future trials in low-income settings.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02911727.

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Conflict of interest statement

Stephanie Brown: salary and project support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

Peter G Davis: salary and project support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

Beck Taylor: is supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Centre (ARC) West Midlands. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Fiona Stewart: none known

Eleanor Jones: is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Early versus standard discharge, outcome: 1.13 Women breastfeeding (exclusively or partially) at six weeks postpartum.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 1: Infants readmitted for neonatal morbidity within 7 days
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 2: Infants readmitted for neonatal morbidity within 28 days
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 3: Infants readmitted for neonatal morbidity within 28 days: mode of birth subgroups
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 4: Infants readmitted for neonatal morbidity within 28 days: subgroups < 24h vs > 24h
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 5: Women readmitted within six weeks
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 6: Women readmitted within six weeks: mode of birth subgroups
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 7: Women readmitted within six weeks: subgroups < 24 hours vs > 24hrs
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 8: Women probably depressed within six months
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 9: Women probably depressed within six months: mode of birth subgroups
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 10: Women probably depressed within six months: subgroups < 24 h vs < 24 hrs
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 11: Women breastfeeding (exclusively or partially) at six weeks postpartum
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 12: Women breastfeeding (exclusively or partially) at six weeks postpartum: mode of birth subgroups
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 13: Women breastfeeding (exclusively or partially) at six weeks postpartum: subgroups < 24hr vs > 24 hrs
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 14: Women breastfeeding (exclusively or partially) at 12 weeks postpartum
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 15: Women breastfeeding (partially or exclusively) at six months postpartum
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 16: Infant mortality within 28 days
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 17: Infant mortality within one year
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 18: Number of contacts with healthcare professionals regarding infant health issues within four weeks of birth
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 19: Number of contacts with healthcare professionals regarding maternal health issues within six weeks of birth
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 20: Women reporting health problems (including perineal pain, perineal infection, breast soreness, breast infection, caesarean wound pain, caesarean wound infection) in the first six weeks postpartum
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 21: Women reporting infant feeding problems
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 22: Women satisfied with postnatal care ‐ dichotomous data
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 23: Satisfaction with postnatal care ‐ continuous data
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 24: Women who perceive their length of hospital stay as too short
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Early versus standard discharge, Outcome 25: Women perceive their length of hospital stay as too long
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Publication types

Associated data