Geographical variation and temporal trend in anemia among children aged 6-59 months in low- and middle-income countries during 2000-2018: forecasting the 2030 SDG target

Abstract

Objective: To examine geographical variations, trends and projections in the prevalence of childhood anemia at national and subpopulation levels.

Design: Repeated cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted during 2000-2018.

Setting: Fifty-three low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

Participants: Totally, 776 689 children aged 6-59 months.

Results: During the latest DHS rounds between 2005 and 2018, the prevalence of child anemia was > 20 % in fifty-two out of fifty-three countries and ranged from 15·9 % in Armenia in 2016 to 87·8 % in Burkina Faso in 2010. Out of thirty-six countries with at least two surveys during 2000-2018, the prevalence of child anemia decreased in twenty-two countries, highest in Zimbabwe (-4·2 %) and increased in fourteen countries, highest in Burundi (5·0 %). Based on the trend, eleven and twenty-two out of thirty-six countries are projected to experience, respectively, moderate and severe public health problem according to the WHO criteria (moderate problem: 20-39·9 % and severe problem: ≥ 40 %) due to child anemia in 2030, with the highest prevalence in Liberia (87·5 %, 95 % credible interval 52·0-98·8 %). The prevalence of child anemia varied across the mother's education and age, child sex, wealth quintiles, and place of residence, with the highest rate of child anemia among the poorest, rural and low-educated mothers. These scenarios are projected to continue. The probability of reducing child anemia at < 0·5 % by 2030 is 0 % for all study countries.

Conclusions: The prevalence of child anemia varied between and within countries. None of the thirty-six LMIC is likely to eradicate child anemia by 2030.

Keywords: Childhood anemia; Low- and middle-income countries; Temporal analysis.

Fig. 1

Prevalence of anemia in children aged 6–59 months in low- and middle-income countries during the latest DHS rounds. Values in the parenthesis denotes prevalence of respective country and survey year. , Among female; , among male

Fig. 2

Trends in the prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in low- and middle-income countries. Values in the parenthesis followed by the country name represents the average annual rate of change, calculated as: ln(rate in 2018/rate in 2000)/18. Rep Congo denotes the Republic of the Congo, DRC denotes the Democratic Republic of the Congo. , Predicted anemia; , credible interval for predicted anemia; , observed anemia

Fig. 3

Change rates of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in low- and middle-income countries by wealth quintiles and sex of children. DRC denotes the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Fig. 4

Trends in the prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in low- and middle-income countries by wealth quintiles. DRC denotes the Democratic Republic of the Congo. , Among poorest; , among richest

Fig. 5

Predicted gaps in the prevalence of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in low- and middle-income countries in 2030 by wealth quintiles (a) and sex of children (b). DRC denotes the Democratic Republic of the Congo. , Richest; , poorest; , male; , female