The rise of affectivism

Daniel Dukes^{1

2}, Kathryn Abrams³, Ralph Adolphs⁴, Mohammed E Ahmed⁵, Andrew Beatty⁶, Kent C Berridge⁷, Susan Broomhall⁸, Tobias Brosch^{9

10}, Joseph J Campos¹¹, Zanna Clay¹², Fabrice Clément¹³, William A Cunningham¹⁴, Antonio Damasio¹⁵, Hanna Damasio¹⁶, Justin D'Arms¹⁷, Jane W Davidson¹⁸, Beatrice de Gelder^{19

20}, Julien Deonna^{9

21}, Ronnie de Sousa²², Paul Ekman^{23

24}, Phoebe C Ellsworth²⁵, Ernst Fehr²⁶, Agneta Fischer²⁷, Ad Foolen²⁸, Ute Frevert²⁹, Didier Grandjean^{9

10}, Jonathan Gratch³⁰, Leslie Greenberg³¹, Patricia Greenspan³², James J Gross³³, Eran Halperin³⁴, Arvid Kappas³⁵, Dacher Keltner³⁶, Brian Knutson³³, David Konstan³⁷, Mariska E Kret³⁸, Joseph E LeDoux³⁹, Jennifer S Lerner⁴⁰, Robert W Levenson³⁶, George Loewenstein⁴¹, Antony S R Manstead⁴², Terry A Maroney⁴³, Agnes Moors⁴⁴, Paula Niedenthal⁴⁵, Brian Parkinson⁴⁶, Ioannis Pavlidis⁵, Catherine Pelachaud⁴⁷, Seth D Pollak⁴⁵, Gilles Pourtois⁴⁸, Birgitt Roettger-Roessler⁴⁹, James A Russell⁵⁰, Disa Sauter²⁷, Andrea Scarantino⁵¹, Klaus R Scherer^{9

52}, Peter Stearns⁵³, Jan E Stets⁵⁴, Christine Tappolet⁵⁵, Fabrice Teroni^{9

21}, Jeanne Tsai³³, Jonathan Turner⁵⁴, Carien Van Reekum⁵⁶, Patrik Vuilleumier^{9

57}, Tim Wharton⁵⁸, David Sander^{59

60}

Affiliations

¹ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Daniel.Dukes@unifr.ch.
² Department of Special Education, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. Daniel.Dukes@unifr.ch.
³ Berkeley Law School, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
⁴ Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
⁵ Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶ Department of Anthropology, Brunel University London, London, UK.
⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁸ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions, Australian Catholic University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁹ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹¹ Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
¹² Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK.
¹³ Cognitive Science Centre, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵ Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Philosophy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹⁸ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁹ Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
²⁰ Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
²¹ Department of Philosophy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
²² Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²³ Department of Psychology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁴ Paul Ekman Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁵ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
²⁶ Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁸ Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
²⁹ Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
³⁰ Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Playa Vista, CA, USA.
³¹ Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³² Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
³³ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
³⁴ Psychology Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
³⁵ Department of Psychology and Methods, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
³⁷ Department of Classics, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
³⁸ Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
³⁹ Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Harvard Kennedy School and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴² School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
⁴³ Vanderbilt University Law School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁷ CNRS-Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
⁴⁸ Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁴⁹ Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵¹ Philosophy Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵² Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁵³ Department of History, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Département de Philosophie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
⁵⁶ School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
⁵⁷ Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁵⁸ School of Humanities, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
⁵⁹ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. David.Sander@unige.ch.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. David.Sander@unige.ch.

PMID: 34112980
PMCID: PMC8319089
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01130-8

The rise of affectivism

Daniel Dukes et al. Nat Hum Behav. 2021 Jul.

. 2021 Jul;5(7):816-820.

doi: 10.1038/s41562-021-01130-8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Daniel.Dukes@unifr.ch.
² Department of Special Education, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. Daniel.Dukes@unifr.ch.
³ Berkeley Law School, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
⁴ Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
⁵ Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶ Department of Anthropology, Brunel University London, London, UK.
⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁸ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions, Australian Catholic University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
⁹ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹¹ Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
¹² Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK.
¹³ Cognitive Science Centre, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵ Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Philosophy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹⁸ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for History of Emotions, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁹ Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
²⁰ Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
²¹ Department of Philosophy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
²² Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²³ Department of Psychology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁴ Paul Ekman Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁵ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
²⁶ Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
²⁸ Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
²⁹ Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
³⁰ Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Playa Vista, CA, USA.
³¹ Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
³² Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
³³ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
³⁴ Psychology Department, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
³⁵ Department of Psychology and Methods, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
³⁷ Department of Classics, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
³⁸ Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
³⁹ Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁰ Harvard Kennedy School and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴² School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
⁴³ Vanderbilt University Law School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁷ CNRS-Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
⁴⁸ Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁴⁹ Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵¹ Philosophy Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵² Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁵³ Department of History, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Département de Philosophie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
⁵⁶ School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
⁵⁷ Department of Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁵⁸ School of Humanities, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
⁵⁹ Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. David.Sander@unige.ch.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. David.Sander@unige.ch.

PMID: 34112980
PMCID: PMC8319089
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01130-8

Abstract

Research over the past decades has demonstrated the explanatory power of emotions, feelings, motivations, moods, and other affective processes when trying to understand and predict how we think and behave. In this consensus article, we ask: has the increasingly recognized impact of affective phenomena ushered in a new era, the era of affectivism?

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1 |. The scope and increasing impact of the affective sciences.**
a, Does the increasing research focus on affective processes and on their explanatory power mean we are now in the era of affectivism? The circular arrows represent how the study of the processes within each box improves our understanding of the core mechanisms typically investigated in behaviourism and in the cognitive and affective sciences, respectively. The bidirectional arrows between the boxes represent the idea that the mechanisms described in one box are important to understanding those described in the other boxes. b, The relative increase of NIMH funding spent on research on emotion since 1985. c, The extent to which publications with considerable emotion content grew faster than those concerning behaviour without emotion content since 1980. d–g, The increasing prominence of publications involving emotion as a percentage of publications in the respective area of inquiry on core cognitive mechanisms such as (d) memory, (e) attention, (f) perception, and (g) decision-making. The reference list focuses on Handbook-type publications to represent the depth and breadth of the affective sciences across many academic fields. For a list containing some books and papers that have either helped shape the field in many disciplines in the affective sciences or that have the potential to do so, please see the suggested reading list in the Supplementary Information.

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References

1. Davidson RJ, Scherer KR, & Goldsmith HH (eds). Handbook of Affective Sciences (Oxford Univ. Press, 2003).
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The rise of affectivism

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The rise of affectivism

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Conflict of interest statement

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