A review on the origin of nanofibers/nanorods structures and applications

Abstract

In this review work, we highlight the origin of morphological structures such as nanofibers/nanorods in case of various materials in nano as well as bulk form. In addition, a discussion on different cations of different ionic radii and other intrinsic factors is provided. The materials (ceramic titanates, ferrites, hexaferrites, oxides, organic/inorganic composites, etc.,) exhibiting the nanofibers/nanorods like morphological structures are tabulated. Furthermore, the significance of nanofibers/nanorods obtained from distinct materials is elucidated in multiple scientific and technological fields. At the end, the device applications of these morphological species are also described in the current technology. The nucleation and growth mechanism of α-MnO₂ nanorods using natural extracts from Malus domestica and Vitis vinifera [3].

The nucleation and growth mechanism of α-MnO₂ nanorods using natural extracts from Malus domestica and Vitis vinifera [3].

Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the proposed nucleation and growth mechanism of α-MnO₂ nanorods using natural extracts from Malus domestica and Vitis vinifera [3]

Fig. 2

Schematic representation of nanofiber preparation with a vertical set up and b horizontal set up [4]

Fig. 3

a SEM image of the PAA/PVA electro spun nanofibers; b TEM image and UV–vis spectrum of the as-prepared Au NRs [5]

Fig. 4

FESEM pictures of BaSrLaFe₁₂O₁₉ nanorods prepared via hydrothermal method [2]

Fig. 5

SEM picture of CoSe₂/Mo₂C/C nanofibers prepared via hydrothermal method [6]

Fig. 6

Low magnification (a) and high magnification (b) SEM of hierarchically nanostructured ZnO nanorods. c TEM image from one ZnO nanorod. The inset in c is a selected-area electron diffraction pattern. d SEM image of dense Ag nanofibers network. e Further magnified SEM image showing the bridging of Ag nanofibers. f XRD from ZnO nanorods, Ag nanofibers, and ZnO/Ag composites [15]

Fig. 7

Response curves of the ZnO and ZnO/Ag composites upon exposure to 50 ppm of a CH₄, b CO, and c ethanol, d different concentrations of NO₂ under 365 nm UV Illumination [15]

Fig. 8

Photodegradation of RhB solution under visible-light irradiation (a), transient photocurrent responses (b), EIS Nyquist plots (c), and PL spectra (d) of Pt/WO₃ nanofibers with different Pt contents [18]

Fig. 9

a Representative images of inhibition zones, b and c Calculated inhibition zones of nanofibrous samples based on disk diffusion test with standard deviations against E. coli and S. aureus [28]

Fig. 10

In-site SEI and Li-ion intercalation/de-intercalation in STTC and SC: fitted results of a solid electrolyte interface resistance (RSEI) and b charge-transfer resistance (RCT) simulated from the Nyquist plots. The x-coordinates in Fig. 6a and b represent voltage. Nyquist plots from in-situ EIS of c STTC and d SC electrode with the fitted curves calculated by the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. S14 [34]

Fig. 11

a Diffusion energy barrier based on density functional theory calculation, b Mean-squared displacements of Li ions in Ti₂O₃, and linear fit curve [34]

Fig. 12

a CV curves of the first five cycles of RGO decorated Sb₂S₃ nanorods, b galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of RGO decorated Sb₂S₃ nanorods, c rate capability of Sb₂S₃ and RGO decorated Sb₂S₃ nanorods, d cycling performances at 100 mA/g of Sb₂S₃, and RGO decorated Sb₂S₃ nanorods [40]

Fig. 13

a Flow chart for melt-spun filament production and fabrication of nanogenerator and b Poling process of the melt-spun filaments [57]

Fig. 14

a Output voltage signal for the P-PVDF filament based nanogenerator, b Output voltage signal for the PVDF/2%KNN NRs filament based nanogenerator, c Output voltage signal for the PVDF/4%KNN NRs filament based nanogenerator, and d Output voltage signal for the PVDF/6%KNN NRs filament based nanogenerator [57]

Fig. 15

Tumor growth after treatment by the synthesized fibers [77]

Fig. 16

Cell culture results: absorbance of different materials through 1, 3, and 5 days of incubation [122]

Fig. 17

Microscopic cell morphology/proliferation after five days of incubation for a control, b STiO₂, c CTiO₂, and d HTiO₂ [122]

Fig. 18

a Schematic representation of nanofiber membrane preparation, b optical micrographs and SEM images of nanofibers from different regions of microwell c fluorescence image of DRG neurites extended from one well to adjacent well after 6 days of culture [123]

Fig. 19

Antibacterial activity (A), in-vitro cell migration (B), and in-vivo wound healing experiments of the control and the scaffold [124]