Design, synthesis and evaluation of new quinazolin-4-one derivatives as apoptotic enhancers and autophagy inhibitors with potent antitumor activity

Abstract

This work presents the design and synthesis of a series of new quinazolin-4-one derivatives, based on the established effectiveness of quinazoline-based small molecules as anticancer agents. Synthesized compounds were more potent against MCF-7 than A-549 with low to submicromolar IC₅₀s. Compound 17 exhibited the best IC₅₀ being equipotent with the positive control doxorubicin (IC_{50 =} 0.06 μM) and better than 5-fluorouracil (IC_{50 =} 2.13 μM). Compound 17 was further tested against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A and was found to be > 2 folds more cytotoxic on MCF-7. Significant apoptotic activity was elicited by 17 on MCF-7 where it increased apoptotic cell death along with induction of pre-G1 and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Similarly, 17 was able to induce apoptosis in MD-MB-231 treated cells associated with a disruption of the cell cycle causing arrest at the pre-G1 and S phases. Investigation of gene expression in MCF-7 demonstrated an increased expression of the proapoptotic genes P53, PUMA, Bax, caspases 3, 8 and 9 and a decrease of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. Also, 17 reduced autophagy giving way for apoptosis to induce cancer cells death. This latter observation was associated with downregulation of EGFR and its downstream effectors PI3K, AKT and mTor. As its biomolecular target, 17 also inhibited EGFR similar to erlotinib (IC₅₀ = 0.072 and 0.087 μM, respectively). Additionally, in vivo testing in a mouse model of breast cancer affirmed the anti-tumor efficacy of 17. Finally, docking of 17 against EGFR ATP binding site demonstrated its ability to bind with EGFR resembling erlotinib.

Keywords: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Breast cancer; Cell cycle analysis; EGFR; Quinazolin-4-ones.