Pharmacogenomics education, research and clinical implementation in the state of Minnesota

Jeffrey R Bishop^{1

2}, R Stephanie Huang¹, Jacob T Brown³, Pawel Mroz⁴, Steven G Johnson⁵, Josiah D Allen^{6

7}, Suzette J Bielinski⁸, Julie England⁹, Joel F Farley¹⁰, David Gregornik¹¹, Jyothsna Giri¹², Christine Kroger¹³, Susie E Long¹⁴, Tiana Luczak^{3

15}, Erin J McGonagle¹, Sisi Ma⁵, Eric T Matey¹⁶, Pinar K Mandic¹⁷, Ann M Moyer¹⁸, Wayne T Nicholson¹⁹, Natasha Petry^{20

21}, Pamala A Pawloski²², Allyson Schlichte²³, Stephen W Schondelmeyer¹⁰, Randall D Seifert³, Marilyn K Speedie²⁴, David Stenehjem³, Robert J Straka¹, Jason Wachtl²⁵, Stephen C Waring²⁶, Brian Van Ness²⁷, Heather A Zierhut²⁷, Constantin Aliferis⁵, Susan M Wolf²⁸, Catherine A McCarty²⁹, Pamala A Jacobson¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
³ Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
⁴ Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁵ Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁶ University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁷ Medigenics Consulting LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA.
⁸ Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
⁹ OneOme, LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
¹¹ Pharmacogenomics Program, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA.
¹² Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹³ Allina Health, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA.
¹⁴ MHealth Fairview. Acute Care Pharmacy Services, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
¹⁵ Essentia Health, Duluth, MN 55805, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Finance, University of Minnesota Carlson School of Management, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
²⁰ Sanford Health Imagenetics, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
²¹ Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University College of Health Professions, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
²² HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55440, USA.
²³ Fairview Pharmacy Services, LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
²⁴ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
²⁵ Geritom Medical, Inc, Bloomington, MN 55438, USA.
²⁶ Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN 55805, USA.
²⁷ Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
²⁸ Law School, Medical School, Consortium on Law & Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
²⁹ Department of Family Medicine & Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.

PMID: 34137665
PMCID: PMC8265281
DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0058

Review

Pharmacogenomics education, research and clinical implementation in the state of Minnesota

Jeffrey R Bishop et al. Pharmacogenomics. 2021 Jul.

. 2021 Jul;22(11):681-691.

doi: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0058. Epub 2021 Jun 17.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
³ Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
⁴ Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁵ Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁶ University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁷ Medigenics Consulting LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA.
⁸ Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
⁹ OneOme, LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
¹¹ Pharmacogenomics Program, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA.
¹² Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹³ Allina Health, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA.
¹⁴ MHealth Fairview. Acute Care Pharmacy Services, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
¹⁵ Essentia Health, Duluth, MN 55805, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Finance, University of Minnesota Carlson School of Management, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
²⁰ Sanford Health Imagenetics, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
²¹ Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University College of Health Professions, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
²² HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55440, USA.
²³ Fairview Pharmacy Services, LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
²⁴ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
²⁵ Geritom Medical, Inc, Bloomington, MN 55438, USA.
²⁶ Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN 55805, USA.
²⁷ Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
²⁸ Law School, Medical School, Consortium on Law & Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
²⁹ Department of Family Medicine & Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.

PMID: 34137665
PMCID: PMC8265281
DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0058

Abstract

Several healthcare organizations across Minnesota have developed formal pharmacogenomic (PGx) clinical programs to increase drug safety and effectiveness. Healthcare professional and student education is strong and there are multiple opportunities in the state for learners to gain workforce skills and develop advanced competency in PGx. Implementation planning is occurring at several organizations and others have incorporated structured utilization of PGx into routine workflows. Laboratory-based and translational PGx research in Minnesota has driven important discoveries in several therapeutic areas. This article reviews the state of PGx activities in Minnesota including educational programs, research, national consortia involvement, technology, clinical implementation and utilization and reimbursement, and outlines the challenges and opportunities in equitable implementation of these advances.

Keywords: Minnesota; implementation; pharmacogenomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure

Preparation of this article was supported by the University of Minnesota's Grand Challenges program through its support of the Minnesota Precision Medicine Collaborative's Pharmacogenomics Project (Jacobson, Aliferis, McCarty, Wolf, principal investigators). JR Bishop has served as a consultant to OptumRx. P Mroz is supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), grant K12HS026379 and the National Institutes of Health's National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, grant KL2TR002492. Additional support was offered by the University of Minnesota Office of Academic Clinical Affairs and the Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of AHRQ, PCORI or Minnesota Learning Health System Mentored Career Development Program. In the past 36 months, JD Allen has served as a consultant for the following companies: 23andMe, Clarigent Health, Inagene, Tempus Labs, Translational Software. JF Farley has received financial support for consulting provided to Takeda and receives grant support through the University of Minnesota for research funded by Astra Zeneca. J England is an employee of OneOme LLC. Mayo Clinic Laboratory provides pharmacogenetic testing. Mayo Clinic has stock ownership in and has licensed intellectual property to OneOme LLC. Mayo Clinic also receives royalties from Assurex Health. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

References

1. US Department of Commerce. US Census Bureau QuickFacts: Minnesota; (2019). https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/wa%0Ahttps://www.census.gov/quickfacts...
1. The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States. Statistical Atlas (2018). https://statisticalatlas.com/state/Minnesota/Ancestry
1. Persons of Color (number) Minnesota and US, 1960–2053. Minnesota Compass (2021). https://www.mncompass.org/chart/k199/race#1-5104-g
1. Cultural Community Profiles. Minnesota Compass (2021). https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/cultural-communities
1. Pfeifer E, Sullivan J, Yang K, Yang W, Mark Pfeifer BE. Hmong population and demographic trends in the 2010 Census and 2010 American Community Survey by Mark. Hmong Studies Journal 13(2),1–31 (2012).

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Pharmacogenomics education, research and clinical implementation in the state of Minnesota

Affiliations

Pharmacogenomics education, research and clinical implementation in the state of Minnesota

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources