Body mass index and severity/fatality from coronavirus disease 2019: A nationwide epidemiological study in Korea

Abstract

Objective: Obesity has been reported as a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in recent studies. However, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and COVID-19 severity and fatality are unclear.

Research design and methods: This study included 4,141 COVID-19 patients who were released from isolation or had died as of April 30, 2020. This nationwide data was provided by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Agency. BMI was categorized as follows; < 18.5 kg/m2, 18.5-22.9 kg/m2, 23.0-24.9 kg/m2, 25.0-29.9 kg/m2, and ≥ 30 kg/m2. We defined a fatal illness if the patient had died.

Results: Among participants, those with a BMI of 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 were the most common (42.0%), followed by 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (24.4%), 23.0-24.9 kg/m2 (24.3%), ≥ 30 kg/m2 (4.7%), and < 18.5 kg/m2 (4.6%). In addition, 1,654 (41.2%) were men and 3.04% were fatalities. Multivariable analysis showed that age, male sex, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and dementia were independent risk factors for fatal illness. In particular, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] 3.97, 95% CI 1.77-8.92), 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (2.43, 1.32-4.47), and ≥ 30 kg/m2 (4.32, 1.37-13.61) were found to have higher ORs than the BMI of 23.0-24.9 kg/m2 (reference). There was no significant difference between those with a BMI of 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 (1.59, 0.88-2.89) and 23.0-24.9 kg/m2.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated a non-linear (U-shaped) relationship between BMI and fatal illness. Subjects with a BMI of < 18.5 kg/m2 and those with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 had a high risk of fatal illness. Maintaining a healthy weight is important not only to prevent chronic cardiometabolic diseases, but also to improve the outcome of COVID-19.

Fig 1. Odds ratios for critical and fatal illness according to body mass index.

Odds ratios were adjusted for age, gender, and five comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and dementia).

Fig 2

Odds ratios for critical and fatal illness of male and female according to body mass index (A) critical illness, (B) fatal illness Odds ratios were adjusted for age and five comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and dementia).

Fig 3

Subgroup analyses for fatal illness according to the BMI in patients with/without diabetes mellitus or hypertension (A) Diabetes Mellitus*, (B) Hypertension**. *Odds ratios were adjusted for age, gender, and four comorbidities (hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and dementia). **Odds ratios were adjusted for age, gender, and four comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and dementia).