Effect of 2-year caloric restriction on organ and tissue size in nonobese 21- to 50-year-old adults in a randomized clinical trial: the CALERIE study

Abstract

Background: Sustained calorie restriction (CR) promises to extend the lifespan. The effect of CR on changes in body mass across tissues and organs is unclear.

Objectives: We used whole-body MRI to evaluate the effect of 2 y of CR on changes in body composition.

Methods: In an ancillary study of the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trial, 43 healthy adults [25-50 y; BMI (kg/m2): 22-28] randomly assigned to 25% CR (n = 28) or ad libitum (AL) eating (n = 15) underwent whole-body MRI at baseline and month 24 to measure adipose tissue in subcutaneous, visceral, and intermuscular depots (SAT, VAT, and IMAT, respectively); skeletal muscle; and organs including brain, liver, spleen, and kidneys but not heart.

Results: The CR group lost more adipose tissue and lean tissue than controls (P < 0.05). In the CR group, at baseline, total tissue volume comprised 32.1%, 1.9%, and 1.0% of SAT, VAT, and IMAT, respectively. The loss of total tissue volume over 24 mo comprised 68.4%, 7.4%, and 2.2% of SAT, VAT, and IMAT, respectively, demonstrating preferential loss of fat vs. lean tissue. Although there is more muscle loss in CR than AL (P < 0.05), the loss of muscle over 24 mo in the CR group comprised only 17.2% of the loss of total tissue volume. Changes in organ volumes were not different between CR and AL. The degree of CR (% decrease in energy intake vs. baseline) significantly (P < 0.05) affected changes in VAT, IMAT, muscle, and liver volume (standardized regression coefficient ± standard error of estimates: 0.43 ± 0.15 L, 0.40 ± 0.19 L, 0.55 ± 0.17 L, and 0.45 ± 0.18 L, respectively).

Conclusions: Twenty-four months of CR (intended, 25%; actual, 13.7%) in young individuals without obesity had effects on body composition, including a preferential loss of adipose tissue, especially VAT, over the loss of muscle and organ tissue. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02695511.

Keywords: aging; body composition; brain; caloric restriction; magnetic resonance imaging; organ.

FIGURE 1

Study participants throughout from enrollment (n = 73) to data analysis (n = 43). M24, month 24.

FIGURE 2

(A) Comparison of each tissue component (mean) as a percentage of total tissue volume (mean) at baseline and the change in each tissue component (mean) as a percentage of change in total tissue volume (mean) over 24 mo. (B) Comparison of each adipose tissue component (mean) as a percentage of total adipose tissue volume (mean) at baseline and the change in each adipose tissue component (mean) as a percentage of change in total adipose tissue volume (mean) over 24 mo. (C) Comparison of each lean tissue component (mean) as a percentage of total lean tissue volume (mean) at baseline and the change in each lean tissue component (mean) as a percentage of change in total lean tissue volume (mean) over 24 mo. Organs in the present study include brain, liver, spleen, and kidneys. CR, calorie restriction; IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.