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Review
. 2022 Mar;18(3):933-951.
doi: 10.1007/s12015-021-10185-z. Epub 2021 Jun 24.

The Potential Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes for Orthopedic Diseases Treatment

Kosar Malekpour  1 , Ali Hazrati  1 , Marziah Zahar  2 , Alexander Markov  3 , Angelina Olegovna Zekiy  4 , Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq  5 , Leila Roshangar  6 , Majid Ahmadi  7
Affiliations
Review

The Potential Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes for Orthopedic Diseases Treatment

Kosar Malekpour et al. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2022 Mar.

Abstract

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect muscles, bones, and joints. These disorders are very painful and severely limit patients' mobility and are more common in the elderly. MSCs are multipotent stem cells isolated from embryonic (such as the umbilical cord) and mature sources (such as adipose tissue and bone marrow). These cells can differentiate into various cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, NP-like cells, Etc. Due to MSC characteristics such as immunomodulatory properties, ability to migrate to the site of injury, recruitment of cells involved in repair, production of growth factors, and large amount production of extracellular vesicles, these cells have been used in many regenerative-related medicine studies. Also, MSCs produce different types of EVs, such as exosomes, to the extracellular environment. Exosomes reflect MSCs' characteristics and do not have cell therapy-associated problems because they are cell-free. These vesicles carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to the host cell and change their function. This review focuses on MSCs and MSCs exosomes' role in repairing dense connective tissues such as tendons, cartilage, invertebrate disc, bone fracture, and osteoporosis treatment.

Keywords: Exosomes; MSCs; MSDs; Orthopedic disease; Regenerative medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mesenchymal stem cells and their exosome use various mechanisms to repair tissue in orthopedic diseases. So MSCs and MSCs-derived exosomes can be increased extracellular matrix production, increased cell viability, immunomodulatory properties, and multiplication differentiation
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Different functions of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in bone fracture healing: These vesicles help bone healing by modulating the inflammatory environment, stimulating the differentiation of osteogenic progenitor cells into osteoblasts, stimulating angiogenesis, and stimulating the migration of circulating mesenchymal stem cells to the site of injury. Mesenchymal stem cells can also differentiate into other cells to help in the repairing process, leading to faster fracture healing
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The effect of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on cartilage regeneration: These exosomes help regenerate cartilage by repressing the immune system, stimulating the production of the extracellular matrix, and stimulating the proliferation and survival of chondrocytes through the ERK1/2 and AKT pathway
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes help regenerate tendon tissue by increasing tenogenesis of tendon stem cells through the SCX and TNmd pathways. Also, these exosomes increase the expression of COL1a1 and COL3a1 in the tendon cells present at the site of injury
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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