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. 2021 Jun 25;21(1):601.
doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06515-z.

Access to water, sanitation and hygiene services in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa 2013-2018: Results of health facility surveys and implications for COVID-19 transmission

Mufaro Kanyangarara  1 , Savannah Allen  2 , Safia S Jiwani  3 , David Fuente  4
Affiliations

Access to water, sanitation and hygiene services in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa 2013-2018: Results of health facility surveys and implications for COVID-19 transmission

Mufaro Kanyangarara et al. BMC Health Serv Res. .

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted important needs in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and standard practices for infection prevention and control in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the availability of WASH and standard precautions for infection prevention in health facilities across 18 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as inequalities by location (rural/urban) and managing authority (public/private). Data from health facility surveys conducted between 2013 and 2018 in 18 sub-Saharan African countries were used to estimate the access to an improved water source within 500 m, an improved toilet, soap and running water or alcohol-based hand rub, and standard precautions for infection prevention at health facilities. Rural-urban differences and public-private differences in access to services were calculated. We also compared population level access to health facility access to services.

Result: Overall, 16,456 health facilities from 18 countries were included. Across countries, an estimated 88 % had an improved water source, 94 % had an improved toilet, 74 % had soap and running water or alcohol-based hand rub, and 17 % had standard precautions for infection prevention available. There was wide variability in access to water, sanitation and hygiene services between rural and urban health facilities and between public and private facilities, with consistently lower access in both rural and public facilities. In both rural and urban areas, access to water, sanitation and hygiene services was ubiquitously better at health facilities than households.

Conclusions: Availability of WASH services in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa has improved but remains below the global target of 80 % in many countries. Ensuring adequate access to WASH services and enforcing adherence to safety and hygiene practices in health facilities will be essential to minimize the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

Keywords: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19); Health care facilities; Inequalities; Sub-Saharan Africa; Water, Sanitation and hygiene.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map of African countries included in analysis
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Availability of water, sanitation and hand hygiene services, and standard precautions for infection prevention in health facilities across 18 sub-Saharan African countries
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Availability of water, sanitation, and hand hygiene services and standard precautions for infection prevention in rural and urban health facilities
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Comparison of population-level and health facility access to water, sanitation, and hand hygiene services
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Availability of water, sanitation, and hand hygiene services and standard precautions for infection prevention in public and private health facilities
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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