Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Jun 25;18(1):30.
doi: 10.1186/s12979-021-00241-0.

A description of the relationship in healthy longevity and aging-related disease: from gene to protein

Xiaolin Ni  1   2 , Zhaoping Wang  1 , Danni Gao  3 , Huiping Yuan  1 , Liang Sun  1 , Xiaoquan Zhu  1 , Qi Zhou  1 , Ze Yang  4   5
Affiliations
Review

A description of the relationship in healthy longevity and aging-related disease: from gene to protein

Xiaolin Ni et al. Immun Ageing. .

Abstract

Human longevity is a complex phenotype influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It is also known to be associated with various types of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The central dogma of molecular biology demonstrates the conversion of DNA to RNA to the encoded protein. These proteins interact to form complex cell signaling pathways, which perform various biological functions. With prolonged exposure to the environment, the in vivo homeostasis adapts to the changes, and finally, humans adopt the phenotype of longevity or aging-related diseases. In this review, we focus on two different states: longevity and aging-related diseases, including CVD and AD, to discuss the relationship between genetic characteristics, including gene variation, the level of gene expression, regulation of gene expression, the level of protein expression, both genetic and environmental influences and homeostasis based on these phenotypes shown in organisms.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Cardiovascular disease; Genetic characteristics; Homeostasis; Longevity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interests relevant to this article. All financial and material support for this research has no potential conflicts.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The process of longevity and aging-related diseases formation
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The molecular relationship of longevity and aging-related diseases. Environmental factors activate insulin/IGF-1/PI3K, AMPK/mTOR, SIRT/FOXO, and IGF/RTK/MYC multiple pathways. At the same time, these pathways interact with each other to regulate the molecular signaling cascade involved cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. Finally, the phenotype of longevity or aging-related disease is formed by the difference of molecular expression regulation in the same pathway. IGF: insulin like growth factor; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; FOXO: forkhead box O; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; S6K1: S6 kinase 1; MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; PGC-1: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1; Nrf2: NF-E2-related factor 2; SIRT, silent mating type information regulation 2; LXR: liver X receptor; atg5: autophagy-related 5; Aβ: amyloid-beta; eNOS: endothelial NO synthase; KL: Klotho; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; SYT1: synaptotagmin 1
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Labat-Robert J, Robert L. Longevity and aging. Mechanisms and perspectives. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2015;63(6):272–276. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2015.08.001. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zeng Y, Nie C, Min J, Liu X, Li M, Chen H, et al. Novel loci and pathways significantly associated with longevity. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21243. doi: 10.1038/srep21243. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Olivieri F, Salvioli S, Giuliani C. The contextualized genetics of human longevity: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(8):968–979. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.032. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gunn-Moore D, Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Gallego Iradi MC, Gunn-Moore F, Lovestone S. Alzheimer's disease in humans and other animals: a consequence of postreproductive life span and longevity rather than aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(2):195–204. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.08.014. - DOI - PubMed
    1. de Jong L, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Erdmann J, Bijker-Schreurs M, Schunkert H, Kuivenhoven JA, van Gool AJ. Sharing lessons learnt across European cardiovascular research consortia. Drug Discov Today. 2020;25(4):787. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.009. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources