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Observational Study
. 2021 Oct;128(11):1762-1773.
doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16820. Epub 2021 Jul 19.

Preventable stillbirths in India and Pakistan: a prospective, observational study

R L Goldenberg  1 , S Saleem  2 , S S Goudar  3 , R M Silver  4 , S S Tikmani  2 , G Guruprasad  5 , S M Dhaded  3 , H Yasmin  6 , K Bano  6 , M S Somannavar  3 , S Yogeshkumar  3 , K Hwang  7 , A Aceituno  7 , L Parlberg  7 , E M McClure  7 ; PURPOSE Study Group
Collaborators, Affiliations
Observational Study

Preventable stillbirths in India and Pakistan: a prospective, observational study

R L Goldenberg et al. BJOG. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Objective: Stillbirths occur 10-20 times more frequently in low-income settings compared with high-income settings. We created a methodology to define the proportion of stillbirths that are potentially preventable in low-income settings and applied it to stillbirths in sites in India and Pakistan.

Design: Prospective observational study.

Setting: Three maternity hospitals in Davangere, India and a large public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.

Population: All cases of stillbirth at ≥20 weeks of gestation occurring from July 2018 to February 2020 were screened for participation; 872 stillbirths were included in this analysis.

Methods: We prospectively defined the conditions and gestational ages that defined the stillbirth cases considered potentially preventable. Informed consent was sought from the parent(s) once the stillbirth was identified, either before or soon after delivery. All information available, including obstetric and medical history, clinical course, fetal heart sounds on admission, the presence of maceration as well as examination of the stillbirth after delivery, histology, and polymerase chain reaction for infectious pathogens of the placenta and various fetal tissues, was used to assess whether a stillbirth was potentially preventable.

Main outcome measures: Whether a stillbirth was determined to be potentially preventable and the criteria for assignment to those categories.

Results: Of 984 enrolled, 872 stillbirths at ≥20 weeks of gestation met the inclusion criteria and were included; of these, 55.5% were deemed to be potentially preventable. Of the 649 stillbirths at ≥28 weeks of gestation and ≥1000 g birthweight, 73.5% were considered potentially preventable. The most common conditions associated with a potentially preventable stillbirth at ≥28 weeks of gestation and ≥1000 g birthweight were small for gestational age (SGA) (52.8%), maternal hypertension (50.2%), antepartum haemorrhage (31.4%) and death that occurred after hospital admission (15.7%).

Conclusions: Most stillbirths in these sites were deemed preventable and were often associated with maternal hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, SGA and intrapartum demise.

Tweetable abstract: Most stillbirths are preventable by better care for women with hypertension, growth restriction and antepartum haemorrhage.

Keywords: Antepartum haemorrhage; hypertension; preventability; small for gestational age; stillbirth.

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References

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    1. Saleem S, Tikman SS, McClure EM, Moore J, Azam SI, Dhaded SM, et al. Trends and determinants of stillbirth in developing countries: results from the Global Network's Population-Based Birth Registry. Reprod Health 2018;15:100.
    1. McClure EM, Pasha O, Goudar SS, Chomba E, Garces A, Tshefu A, et al. Epidemiology of stillbirth in low-middle income countries: a global network study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90:1379-85.
    1. Alliance for Maternal and Newborn Health Improvement (AMANHI) mortality study group. Population-based rates, timing, and causes of maternal deaths, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob 2018;6:e1297-308.
    1. McClure EM, Garces A, Saleem S, Moore JL, Bose CL, Esamai F, et al. Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research: probable causes of stillbirth in low and middle income countries using a prospectively defined classification system. BJOG 2018;125:131-8.

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