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. 2021 Jun 26;16(1):47.
doi: 10.1186/s13027-021-00383-2.

Prevalence and characteristics of mouse mammary tumor virus-like virus associated breast cancer in China

Fa-Liang Wang  1 , Xiao-Li Zhang  2 , Ming Yang  3 , Jun Lin  4 , Yong-Fang Yue  5 , Ya-Dan Li  6 , Xian Wang  6 , Qiang Shu  7   8 , Hong-Chuan Jin  9
Affiliations

Prevalence and characteristics of mouse mammary tumor virus-like virus associated breast cancer in China

Fa-Liang Wang et al. Infect Agent Cancer. .

Abstract

Background: Despite extensive molecular epidemiological studies, the prevalence and characteristics of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Like Virus (MMTV-LV) in Chinese women breast cancer are still unclear. Besides, the prevalence of MMTV-LV in women breast cancer tissue varies in different countries and its dependent factors remain inconclusive.

Methods: In the first part of the study, a case-control study was performed. 119 breast cancer samples (84 from Northern China and 35 from Southern China) and 50 breast fibroadenoma specimens were collected from Chinese women patients. MMTV-like env sequence and the homology to MMTV env gene were analysed by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also explored the association of MMTV-LV prevalence with sample sources (Southern and Northern China) and patients' clinicopathological characteristics. To investigate the dependent factors of the prevalence of MMTV-LV in breast cancer worldwide, a meta-analysis was conducted in the second part of the study.

Results: We found that the prevalence of MMTV-LV was much higher in breast cancer tissues (17.65%) than that in breast fibroadenoma specimens (4.00%) (P < 0.05). MMTV-LV prevalence in Chinese women breast cancer tissues was significantly different between Southern China (5.71%) and Northern China (22.62%) (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MMTV-LV also associates significantly with expression of HER2, but shows no significant correlation with other parameters. In the meta-analysis, we found that MMTV-LV prevalence in breast cancer tissue was dependent on the distribution of M. domesticus mouse (M. d), M. musculus mouse (M.m) and M.castaneus mouse (M.c) worldwide (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: The distribution of house mice may be a crucial environmental factor that explains the geographic differences in human breast cancer incidence. Our findings may provide a potential avenue of prevention, diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer.

Keywords: Breast cancer; M. domesticus mouse; M.castaneus mouse; M.musculus mouse; Mouse mammary tumor virus-like virus (MMTV-LV).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Detection of MMTV-LV sequence in breast cancer. 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis of the GelRed-stained amplification products for MMTV-LV gene screening using a semi-nested PCR assays. A. breast cancer cell lines B. breast cancer specimens C. breast fibroadenoma tissues D. Prevalence of MMTV-like env sequence in Chinese women breast cancer specimens compared to Chinese women breast fibroadenoma tissues (based on Table 3) *Indicating the significant difference between groups for P < 0.05
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
MMTV genome and the position of the primers. A. The outer primers used in the primary PCR were J948-env-F and J950-env-R. The inner primers used in the secondary PCR were J948-env-F and J1011-env-R1. All the primers were shown by arrows. B. DNA sequence of the MMTV-like env PCR product
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Multiple nucleotide alignment of the sequences of PCR products (marked by their respective numbers) with MMTV env sequences retrieved from GenBank database (No. AF346816). Sequences were aligned using DNAMAN, version 8. Stars show conserved sites along the alignment
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Flow diagram of the publication search strategy and assessment of studies identified for meta-analysis
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The meta-analysis of MMTV-LV prevalence in women breast cancer tissue. The data sets were divided in four subgroups (M.c, M.c/M.m, M.m and M.d) and analysed in a random effects model
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Meta-regression analysis. In this model, the dependent variable is prevalence of MMTV-LV, while the covariant is the mouse species. X-axis represents different house mice species (1: M.c, 1.5: M.c/M.m, 2: M.m, 3: M.d). Y-axis denotes the prevalence of MMTV-LT in breast cancer in Chinese women
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