Review

. 2021;55(4):286-296.

doi: 10.1159/000515393. Epub 2021 Jun 28.

The Burden of Dementia due to Down Syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

GBD 2019 Dementia Collaborators

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

GBD 2019 Dementia Collaborators:
Emma Nichols¹, Foad Abd-Allah², Amir Abdoli³, Eman Abu-Gharbieh⁴, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi⁵, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi⁶, Vahid Alipour⁷, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin⁸, Jalal Arabloo⁹, Getinet Ayano¹⁰, Atif Amin Baig¹¹, Maciej Banach¹², Miguel A Barboza¹³, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo¹⁴, Bernhard T Baune¹⁵, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula¹⁶, Krittika Bhattacharyya¹⁷, Ali Bijani¹⁸, Antonio Biondi¹⁹, Atanu Biswas²⁰, Srinivasa Rao Bolla²¹, Archith Boloor²², Carol Brayne²³, Hermann Brenner²⁴, Katrin Burkart²⁵, Richard A Burns²⁶, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja²⁷, Luis Alberto Cámera²⁸, Felix Carvalho²⁹, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo³⁰, Ester Cerin³¹, Achille Cernigliaro³², Nicolas Cherbuin²⁶, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi³³, Dinh-Toi Chu³⁴, Baye Dagnew³⁵, Anh Kim Dang³⁶, Daniel Diaz³⁷, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani³⁸, Shirin Djalalinia³⁹, Paul Narh Doku⁴⁰, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary², Khalil Eskandari⁴¹, Sharareh Eskandarieh⁴², Valery L Feigin⁴³, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad⁴⁴, Eduarda Fernandes⁴⁵, Pietro Ferrara⁴⁶, Irina Filip⁴⁷, Florian Fischer⁴⁸, Shilpa Gaidhane⁴⁹, Ahmad Ghashghaee⁵⁰, Alessandro Gialluisi⁵¹, Elena V Gnedovskaya⁵², Mahaveer Golechha⁵³, Mohammad Rifat Haider⁵⁴, Samer Hamidi⁵⁵, Graeme J Hankey⁵⁶, Amr Hassan², Simon I Hay²⁵, Mohamed I Hegazy², Golnaz Heidari⁵⁷, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani⁵⁸, Mowafa Househ⁵⁹, Bing-Fang Hwang⁶⁰, Licia Iacoviello⁶¹, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi⁶², Irena M Ilic⁶³, Milena D Ilic⁶⁴, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani⁶⁵, M Mofizul Islam⁶⁶, Hiroyasu Iso⁶⁷, Masao Iwagami⁶⁸, Ravi Prakash Jha⁶⁹, Jost B Jonas⁷⁰, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak⁷¹, Rizwan Kalani⁷², André Karch⁷³, Ayele Semachew Kasa⁷⁴, Yun Jin Kim⁷⁵, Sezer Kisa⁷⁶, Adnan Kisa⁷⁷, Ai Koyanagi⁷⁸, Walter A Kukull⁷⁹, Manasi Kumar⁸⁰, Iván Landires⁸¹, Kate E LeGrand¹, Matilde Leonardi⁸², Bingyu Li⁸³, Xuefeng Liu⁸⁴, Giancarlo Logroscino⁸⁵, Stefan Lorkowski⁸⁶, Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur⁸⁷, Narayana Manjunatha⁸⁸, Birhanu Geta Meharie⁸⁹, Man Mohan Mehndiratta⁹⁰, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim⁹¹, Yousef Mohammad⁹², Salahuddin Mohammed⁹³, Archisman Mohapatra⁹⁴, Ali H Mokdad²⁵, Stefania Mondello⁹⁵, Ghobad Moradi⁹⁶, Tilahun Belete Mossie⁹⁷, Gabriele Nagel⁹⁸, Mukhammad David Naimzada⁹⁹, Dr Muhammad Naveed¹⁰⁰, Vinod C Nayak¹⁰¹, Son Hoang Nguyen¹⁰², Cuong Tat Nguyen³⁶, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen³⁶, Virginia Nunez-Samudio¹⁰³, Andrew T Olagunju¹⁰⁴, Sergej M Ostojic¹⁰⁵, Samuel M Ostroff¹⁰⁶, Nikita Otstavnov¹⁰⁷, Stanislav S Otstavnov¹⁰⁸, Mayowa O Owolabi¹⁰⁹, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas¹¹⁰, Urvish K Patel¹¹¹, Mona Pathak¹¹², Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi¹¹³, Carrie B Peterson¹¹⁴, Hai Quang Pham³⁶, Marina Pinheiro¹¹⁵, Michael A Piradov¹¹⁶, Faheem Hyder Pottoo¹¹⁷, Akram Pourshams¹¹⁸, Sergio I Prada¹¹⁹, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi¹²⁰, Amir Radfar¹²¹, Alberto Raggi⁸², Fakher Rahim¹²², Pradhum Ram¹²³, Juwel Rana¹²⁴, Vahid Rashedi¹²⁵, Salman Rawaf¹²⁶, David Laith Rawaf¹²⁷, Nickolas Reinig¹²⁸, Nima Rezaei¹²⁹, Aziz Rezapour⁹, Stephen R Robinson¹³⁰, Michele Romoli¹³¹, Gholamreza Roshandel¹³², Perminder S Sachdev¹³³, Amirhossein Sahebkar¹³⁴, Mohammad Ali Sahraian⁴², Davide Sattin⁸², Monika Sawhney¹³⁵, Mete Saylan¹³⁶, Silvia Schiavolin⁸², Feng Sha¹³⁷, Izza Shahid¹³⁸, Masood Ali Shaikh¹³⁹, David H Shaw¹, Mika Shigematsu¹⁴⁰, Jae Il Shin¹⁴¹, Rahman Shiri¹⁴², Tariq Jamal Siddiqi¹⁴³, João Pedro Silva²⁹, Jasvinder A Singh¹⁴⁴, Deepika Singhal¹⁴⁵, Amin Soheili¹⁴⁶, Jaimie D Steinmetz¹, Cassandra E I Szoeke¹⁴⁷, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos¹⁴⁸, Bhaskar Thakur¹⁴⁹, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone¹⁵⁰, Bach Xuan Tran¹⁵¹, Ravensara S Travillian¹, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye¹⁵², Muhammad Shariq Usman¹⁵³, Marco Vacante¹⁹, Pascual R Valdez¹⁵⁴, Diana Zuleika Velazquez¹⁵⁵, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian¹⁵⁶, Giang Thu Vu¹⁰², Yuan-Pang Wang¹⁵⁷, Ronny Westerman¹⁵⁸, Chenkai Wu¹⁵⁹, Ali Yadollahpour¹⁶⁰, Kazumasa Yamagishi¹⁶¹, Yuichiro Yano¹⁶², Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila¹⁶³, Naohiro Yonemoto¹⁶⁴, Chuanhua Yu¹⁶⁵, Zhi-Jiang Zhang¹⁶⁶, Theo Vos²⁵, Christopher J L Murray²⁵

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
² Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
³ Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
⁴ Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁵ Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁶ Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸ Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Chemistry Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.
⁹ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰ School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹¹ Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
¹² Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; , Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
¹³ Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
¹⁴ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC,Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁷ Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
¹⁸ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
¹⁹ Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India.
²¹ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan.
²² Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
²³ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²⁴ Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
²⁵ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,USA.
²⁶ Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
²⁷ Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India.
²⁸ Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁹ Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
³¹ Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
³² Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department, Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy.
³³ Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
³⁴ Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
³⁵ Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
³⁶ Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
³⁷ Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico.
³⁸ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁹ Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁰ School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
⁴¹ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
⁴² Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,Canada.
⁴⁵ Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁶ Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
⁴⁷ Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA; School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ,USA.
⁴⁸ Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Science, Wardha, India.
⁵⁰ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
⁵² Third Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
⁵³ Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India.
⁵⁴ Department of Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
⁵⁵ School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁵⁶ Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA,Australia.
⁵⁷ Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, USA.
⁵⁸ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁹ College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
⁶⁰ Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁶¹ Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
⁶² Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁶³ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶⁴ Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
⁶⁵ Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁶ School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶⁷ Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
⁶⁸ Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Community Medicine, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
⁷⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁷¹ Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
⁷² Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁷³ Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁷⁴ Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
⁷⁵ School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.
⁷⁶ Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
⁷⁷ School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA,USA.
⁷⁸ CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; , Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
⁸¹ Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; , Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama.
⁸² Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS (Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Milan, Italy.
⁸³ Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
⁸⁴ Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁸⁵ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy.
⁸⁶ Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; , Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany.
⁸⁷ Department of Biochemistry, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
⁸⁸ Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengalore, India.
⁸⁹ Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
⁹⁰ Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
⁹¹ Department of Medicine, National University of Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.
⁹² Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹³ Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Missippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia.
⁹⁴ Epidemiology Department, GRID Council, Bhubaneswar, India.
⁹⁵ Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy.
⁹⁶ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
⁹⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
⁹⁸ Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁹⁹ Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹⁰¹ Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
¹⁰² Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
¹⁰³ Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
¹⁰⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,USA.
¹⁰⁷ Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
¹⁰⁸ Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia; Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
¹¹⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹¹ Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹¹² Research and Development Department, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
¹¹³ Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁴ Gerontology, Dementia and Digital Health, Independent Consultant, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹¹⁵ Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹¹⁶ Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
¹¹⁷ Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹⁸ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁹ Clinical Research Center, Valle del Lili Foundation (Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundación Valle del Lili), Cali, Colombia; PROESA, ICESI University (Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI), Cali, Colombia.
¹²⁰ Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
¹²¹ College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
¹²² Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²³ Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA,USA.
¹²⁵ Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²⁶ Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, UK.
¹²⁷ WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK; , University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
¹²⁸ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Univerity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹²⁹ Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁰ Department of Psychology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
¹³¹ Department of Neuroscience, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology, Rimini "Infermi" Hospital - AUSL Romagna, Rimini, Italy.
¹³² Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
¹³³ School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW,Australia.
¹³⁴ Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
¹³⁵ Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
¹³⁶ Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹³⁷ Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China.
¹³⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹³⁹ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁴⁰ National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁴¹ College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁴² Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁴³ Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁴⁴ School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL,USA.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Gmers Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Opthalmology, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India.
¹⁴⁶ Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
¹⁴⁷ Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Brain Institute, Australian Healthy Ageing Organisation, Melbourne, VIC,Australia.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁴⁹ Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, USA; Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC) and CSP Coordinating Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA,USA.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; , Modestum LTD, London, UK.
¹⁵¹ Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹⁵² College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
¹⁵³ Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁵⁴ Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; , Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁵⁵ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico.
¹⁵⁶ Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁵⁸ Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
¹⁵⁹ Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC,USA.
¹⁶⁰ Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
¹⁶¹ Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
¹⁶² Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, IL, USA.
¹⁶³ Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
¹⁶⁴ Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁶⁶ School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

PMID: 34182555
PMCID: PMC8794050
DOI: 10.1159/000515393

Review

The Burden of Dementia due to Down Syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

GBD 2019 Dementia Collaborators. Neuroepidemiology. 2021.

. 2021;55(4):286-296.

doi: 10.1159/000515393. Epub 2021 Jun 28.

Author

GBD 2019 Dementia Collaborators

Collaborators

GBD 2019 Dementia Collaborators:
Emma Nichols¹, Foad Abd-Allah², Amir Abdoli³, Eman Abu-Gharbieh⁴, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi⁵, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi⁶, Vahid Alipour⁷, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin⁸, Jalal Arabloo⁹, Getinet Ayano¹⁰, Atif Amin Baig¹¹, Maciej Banach¹², Miguel A Barboza¹³, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo¹⁴, Bernhard T Baune¹⁵, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula¹⁶, Krittika Bhattacharyya¹⁷, Ali Bijani¹⁸, Antonio Biondi¹⁹, Atanu Biswas²⁰, Srinivasa Rao Bolla²¹, Archith Boloor²², Carol Brayne²³, Hermann Brenner²⁴, Katrin Burkart²⁵, Richard A Burns²⁶, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja²⁷, Luis Alberto Cámera²⁸, Felix Carvalho²⁹, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo³⁰, Ester Cerin³¹, Achille Cernigliaro³², Nicolas Cherbuin²⁶, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi³³, Dinh-Toi Chu³⁴, Baye Dagnew³⁵, Anh Kim Dang³⁶, Daniel Diaz³⁷, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani³⁸, Shirin Djalalinia³⁹, Paul Narh Doku⁴⁰, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary², Khalil Eskandari⁴¹, Sharareh Eskandarieh⁴², Valery L Feigin⁴³, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad⁴⁴, Eduarda Fernandes⁴⁵, Pietro Ferrara⁴⁶, Irina Filip⁴⁷, Florian Fischer⁴⁸, Shilpa Gaidhane⁴⁹, Ahmad Ghashghaee⁵⁰, Alessandro Gialluisi⁵¹, Elena V Gnedovskaya⁵², Mahaveer Golechha⁵³, Mohammad Rifat Haider⁵⁴, Samer Hamidi⁵⁵, Graeme J Hankey⁵⁶, Amr Hassan², Simon I Hay²⁵, Mohamed I Hegazy², Golnaz Heidari⁵⁷, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani⁵⁸, Mowafa Househ⁵⁹, Bing-Fang Hwang⁶⁰, Licia Iacoviello⁶¹, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi⁶², Irena M Ilic⁶³, Milena D Ilic⁶⁴, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani⁶⁵, M Mofizul Islam⁶⁶, Hiroyasu Iso⁶⁷, Masao Iwagami⁶⁸, Ravi Prakash Jha⁶⁹, Jost B Jonas⁷⁰, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak⁷¹, Rizwan Kalani⁷², André Karch⁷³, Ayele Semachew Kasa⁷⁴, Yun Jin Kim⁷⁵, Sezer Kisa⁷⁶, Adnan Kisa⁷⁷, Ai Koyanagi⁷⁸, Walter A Kukull⁷⁹, Manasi Kumar⁸⁰, Iván Landires⁸¹, Kate E LeGrand¹, Matilde Leonardi⁸², Bingyu Li⁸³, Xuefeng Liu⁸⁴, Giancarlo Logroscino⁸⁵, Stefan Lorkowski⁸⁶, Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur⁸⁷, Narayana Manjunatha⁸⁸, Birhanu Geta Meharie⁸⁹, Man Mohan Mehndiratta⁹⁰, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim⁹¹, Yousef Mohammad⁹², Salahuddin Mohammed⁹³, Archisman Mohapatra⁹⁴, Ali H Mokdad²⁵, Stefania Mondello⁹⁵, Ghobad Moradi⁹⁶, Tilahun Belete Mossie⁹⁷, Gabriele Nagel⁹⁸, Mukhammad David Naimzada⁹⁹, Dr Muhammad Naveed¹⁰⁰, Vinod C Nayak¹⁰¹, Son Hoang Nguyen¹⁰², Cuong Tat Nguyen³⁶, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen³⁶, Virginia Nunez-Samudio¹⁰³, Andrew T Olagunju¹⁰⁴, Sergej M Ostojic¹⁰⁵, Samuel M Ostroff¹⁰⁶, Nikita Otstavnov¹⁰⁷, Stanislav S Otstavnov¹⁰⁸, Mayowa O Owolabi¹⁰⁹, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas¹¹⁰, Urvish K Patel¹¹¹, Mona Pathak¹¹², Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi¹¹³, Carrie B Peterson¹¹⁴, Hai Quang Pham³⁶, Marina Pinheiro¹¹⁵, Michael A Piradov¹¹⁶, Faheem Hyder Pottoo¹¹⁷, Akram Pourshams¹¹⁸, Sergio I Prada¹¹⁹, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi¹²⁰, Amir Radfar¹²¹, Alberto Raggi⁸², Fakher Rahim¹²², Pradhum Ram¹²³, Juwel Rana¹²⁴, Vahid Rashedi¹²⁵, Salman Rawaf¹²⁶, David Laith Rawaf¹²⁷, Nickolas Reinig¹²⁸, Nima Rezaei¹²⁹, Aziz Rezapour⁹, Stephen R Robinson¹³⁰, Michele Romoli¹³¹, Gholamreza Roshandel¹³², Perminder S Sachdev¹³³, Amirhossein Sahebkar¹³⁴, Mohammad Ali Sahraian⁴², Davide Sattin⁸², Monika Sawhney¹³⁵, Mete Saylan¹³⁶, Silvia Schiavolin⁸², Feng Sha¹³⁷, Izza Shahid¹³⁸, Masood Ali Shaikh¹³⁹, David H Shaw¹, Mika Shigematsu¹⁴⁰, Jae Il Shin¹⁴¹, Rahman Shiri¹⁴², Tariq Jamal Siddiqi¹⁴³, João Pedro Silva²⁹, Jasvinder A Singh¹⁴⁴, Deepika Singhal¹⁴⁵, Amin Soheili¹⁴⁶, Jaimie D Steinmetz¹, Cassandra E I Szoeke¹⁴⁷, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos¹⁴⁸, Bhaskar Thakur¹⁴⁹, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone¹⁵⁰, Bach Xuan Tran¹⁵¹, Ravensara S Travillian¹, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye¹⁵², Muhammad Shariq Usman¹⁵³, Marco Vacante¹⁹, Pascual R Valdez¹⁵⁴, Diana Zuleika Velazquez¹⁵⁵, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian¹⁵⁶, Giang Thu Vu¹⁰², Yuan-Pang Wang¹⁵⁷, Ronny Westerman¹⁵⁸, Chenkai Wu¹⁵⁹, Ali Yadollahpour¹⁶⁰, Kazumasa Yamagishi¹⁶¹, Yuichiro Yano¹⁶², Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila¹⁶³, Naohiro Yonemoto¹⁶⁴, Chuanhua Yu¹⁶⁵, Zhi-Jiang Zhang¹⁶⁶, Theo Vos²⁵, Christopher J L Murray²⁵

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
² Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
³ Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
⁴ Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
⁵ Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
⁶ Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸ Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Chemistry Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.
⁹ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰ School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹¹ Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
¹² Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; , Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
¹³ Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica; School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
¹⁴ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC,Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁷ Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
¹⁸ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
¹⁹ Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India.
²¹ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan.
²² Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
²³ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²⁴ Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
²⁵ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,USA.
²⁶ Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
²⁷ Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India.
²⁸ Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁹ Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
³¹ Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
³² Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department, Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy.
³³ Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
³⁴ Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
³⁵ Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
³⁶ Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
³⁷ Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico.
³⁸ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
³⁹ Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁰ School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
⁴¹ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
⁴² Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴³ National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,Canada.
⁴⁵ Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁶ Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
⁴⁷ Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA; School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ,USA.
⁴⁸ Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Science, Wardha, India.
⁵⁰ Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
⁵² Third Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
⁵³ Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India.
⁵⁴ Department of Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
⁵⁵ School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁵⁶ Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA,Australia.
⁵⁷ Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, USA.
⁵⁸ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁹ College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
⁶⁰ Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁶¹ Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
⁶² Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁶³ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶⁴ Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
⁶⁵ Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁶ School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶⁷ Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
⁶⁸ Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Community Medicine, Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
⁷⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China.
⁷¹ Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
⁷² Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁷³ Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁷⁴ Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
⁷⁵ School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.
⁷⁶ Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
⁷⁷ School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA,USA.
⁷⁸ CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; , Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
⁸¹ Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; , Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama.
⁸² Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS (Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Milan, Italy.
⁸³ Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
⁸⁴ Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁸⁵ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy.
⁸⁶ Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; , Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany.
⁸⁷ Department of Biochemistry, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
⁸⁸ Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengalore, India.
⁸⁹ Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
⁹⁰ Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
⁹¹ Department of Medicine, National University of Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.
⁹² Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹³ Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Missippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia.
⁹⁴ Epidemiology Department, GRID Council, Bhubaneswar, India.
⁹⁵ Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy.
⁹⁶ Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
⁹⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
⁹⁸ Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁹⁹ Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
¹⁰¹ Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
¹⁰² Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
¹⁰³ Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
¹⁰⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,USA.
¹⁰⁷ Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
¹⁰⁸ Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia; Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
¹¹⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹¹ Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹¹² Research and Development Department, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
¹¹³ Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁴ Gerontology, Dementia and Digital Health, Independent Consultant, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹¹⁵ Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹¹⁶ Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
¹¹⁷ Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹⁸ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹¹⁹ Clinical Research Center, Valle del Lili Foundation (Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundación Valle del Lili), Cali, Colombia; PROESA, ICESI University (Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI), Cali, Colombia.
¹²⁰ Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
¹²¹ College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
¹²² Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²³ Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA,USA.
¹²⁵ Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹²⁶ Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, UK.
¹²⁷ WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK; , University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
¹²⁸ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Univerity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹²⁹ Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁰ Department of Psychology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
¹³¹ Department of Neuroscience, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Department of Neurology, Rimini "Infermi" Hospital - AUSL Romagna, Rimini, Italy.
¹³² Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
¹³³ School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW,Australia.
¹³⁴ Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
¹³⁵ Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
¹³⁶ Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹³⁷ Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China.
¹³⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹³⁹ Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁴⁰ National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁴¹ College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁴² Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁴³ Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁴⁴ School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL,USA.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Gmers Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Opthalmology, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India.
¹⁴⁶ Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
¹⁴⁷ Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Brain Institute, Australian Healthy Ageing Organisation, Melbourne, VIC,Australia.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁴⁹ Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, USA; Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC) and CSP Coordinating Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA,USA.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; , Modestum LTD, London, UK.
¹⁵¹ Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
¹⁵² College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
¹⁵³ Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
¹⁵⁴ Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; , Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁵⁵ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico.
¹⁵⁶ Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁵⁸ Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
¹⁵⁹ Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC,USA.
¹⁶⁰ Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
¹⁶¹ Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
¹⁶² Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, IL, USA.
¹⁶³ Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
¹⁶⁴ Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹⁶⁶ School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

PMID: 34182555
PMCID: PMC8794050
DOI: 10.1159/000515393

Abstract

Background: In light of the increasing trend in the global number of individuals affected by dementia and the lack of any available disease-modifying therapies, it is necessary to fully understand and quantify the global burden of dementia. This work aimed to estimate the proportion of dementia due to Down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, clinical stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI), globally and by world region, in order to better understand the contribution of clinical diseases to dementia prevalence.

Methods: Through literature review, we obtained data on the relative risk of dementia with each condition and estimated relative risks by age using a Bayesian meta-regression tool. We then calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs), or the proportion of dementia attributable to each condition, using the estimates of relative risk and prevalence estimates for each condition from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Finally, we multiplied these estimates by dementia prevalence to calculate the number of dementia cases attributable to each condition.

Findings: For each clinical condition, the relative risk of dementia decreased with age. Relative risks were highest for Down syndrome, followed by Parkinson's disease, stroke, and TBI. However, due to the high prevalence of stroke, the PAF for dementia due to stroke was highest. Together, Down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and TBI explained 10.0% (95% UI: 6.0-16.5) of the global prevalence of dementia.

Interpretation: Ten percent of dementia prevalence globally could be explained by Down syndrome, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and TBI. The quantification of the proportion of dementia attributable to these 4 conditions constitutes a small contribution to our overall understanding of what causes dementia. However, epidemiological research into modifiable risk factors as well as basic science research focused on elucidating intervention approaches to prevent or delay the neuropathological changes that commonly characterize dementia will be critically important in future efforts to prevent and treat disease.

Keywords: Burden of disease; Dementia; Global health; Meta-analysis; Public health.

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Figures

**Fig. 1.**
Meta-regression of relative risk of dementia by age for Down syndrome, stroke, TBI, and Parkinson’s disease. Trimmed data refer to data points that were identified as outliers in the modeling framework. The inverse variance scale sizes the data points according to the certainty of the data such that larger points have less uncertainty and more weight in the model. TBI, traumatic brain injury.

**Fig. 2.**
Global PAFs of dementia for Down syndrome, stroke, TBI, and Parkinson’s disease, by age and sex in 2019. PAF, population attributable fraction; TBI, traumatic brain injury.

**Fig. 3.**
Global dementia prevalence due to Down syndrome, stroke, TBI, and Parkinson’s disease, and the prevalence of dementia unaccounted for by these 4 clinical conditions in 2019. a All categories including the residual category of dementia prevalence not attributable to the clinical conditions examined in this paper. b A zoomed-in view of the prevalence attributable to each clinical condition. TBI, traumatic brain injury.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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The Burden of Dementia due to Down Syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Burden of Dementia due to Down Syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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