Ecological and Conservation Significance of Herpesvirus Infection in Neotropical Bats

Abstract

Bats are the second most diverse order of mammals and key species for ecosystem functioning, providing a wide range of ecosystem services, from pest control to seed dispersal. Chiropterans are known for hosting a large diversity of viruses, in some cases with little or no effect to their health. Here, we report on the results of a screening for DNA (Herpesviridae) and RNA viruses (Rhabdovirus and Pneumovirus), finding a high prevalence and wide diversity of both Beta- and Gamma-Herpesvirus in insectivorous and hematophagous bats of the southern cone of South America. Our findings suggest that bats in the southern neotropics harbor a high diversity of herpesviruses and, at least in some cases, the viral community in the bat species is more strongly associated with ecological traits of the hosts, rather than their taxonomy. The presence of a separate clade into the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily in the common vampire bat suggests the independent circulation of herpesviruses in hematophagous and insectivorous bats and highlights the properness of these viruses to track vampire bats' population structure for rabies studies. Hence, we suggest that as other pathogens viruses may be used to track the population dynamics of their hosts, including movement and demographics.

Keywords: Chiroptera; Herpesvirus; Pneumovirus; Rabies virus; Uruguay.

Figure 1

Continental position of Uruguay and geographic distribution of the samples within the country, showing the 19 s-order administrative units (Departments). Reference: inverted triangle Artigas (Juan P. Terra), circle Artigas (Bella Unión), triangle Rivera (Cuñapirú), square Maldonado (Salamanca), diamond Rocha (Castillos), four pointed star Montevideo.

Figure 2

Phylogenetic tree of partial Herpesviridae DNA polymerase gene. Positive samples are coded as LMM* and species and localities are shown. The final alignment was 495 nucleotide length. Phylogeny was inferred under the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion and the GTR model of nucleotide substitution. Statistical supports of the nodes were calculated by aLRT and values > to 0.75 are shown. Downloaded sequences are identified by the GenBank accession number. Sequences were submitted to GenBank and DDBJ. The accession numbers are as follows: MT036389-036394, MT036631-036634, MT066061, MT074099-074101, MT906861-906862, MT903351-903357, MT876198, MT936425-936434, MW029377-029384, LC579821-579822, LC578846, LC583830-583031, LC589954.

Figure 3

Observed Beta- and Gamma-HV prevalence across species. Error bars show exact binomial 95% confidence intervals. Except for D. rotundus and M. rufus, there is a general pattern of more frequent Beta-HV infection. Given sample sizes, T. brasiliensis and Myotis sp. are the species providing more informative prevalence values for both viral subfamilies.