The Effect of a Total Fishmeal Replacement by Arthrospira platensis on the Microbiome of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Abstract

An increasing number of fishmeal supplements are becoming the focus of aquaculture research, with a special emphasis on microalgae/cyanobacteria such as spirulina being considered as sustainable alternatives. New feed ingredients can have a far-reaching impact on the intestinal microbiome and therefore play an important role in the development and the health of fish. However, the influence of these alternatives on the microbiome is largely unknown. We undertook a 10 weeks feeding experiment on 120 African catfish with an initial body weight of 50.1 ± 2.95 g. To understand the effect of the spirulina supplementation, two isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated, containing either fishmeal or spirulina as a protein source. The 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the intestinal bacteria microbiota. Results show that the observed richness indicated no significant statistical difference, but Chao1, ACE, Shannon, and Simpson indices indicate a possible increase in bacterial richness for the spirulina diet. The most abundant bacteria in both experimental groups were Fusobacteriia with the only taxa from the genus Cetobacterium. The bacterium from genus Romboutsia was more likely to be found in the microbiome of fish fed the fishmeal diet. In spirulina-fed fish, the genera Plesiomonas and Bacteroides were the most dominant microbes observed. Even though some genera were more abundant in the spirulina group, the overall microbial community structure was not affected by diets.

Keywords: 16S rRNA; Arthrospira platensis; Clarias gariepinus; bacteria; cyanobacteria; microalgae; microbiome.

Figure 1

Alpha diversity metrics of microbiome community of African catfish fed with FM100 (n = 8) and SP100 (n = 9) diet. Each point represents one microbiome sample.

Figure 2

Bacterial counts per class of the most frequent observations (OTUs < 5% were removed) of FM100 (n = 8) and SP100 (n = 9).

Figure 3

Relative abundance (%) at family level for samples in FM100 (n = 8) and SP100 (n = 9).

Figure 4

Relative abundance (%) of rare OTUs (<5%) of FM100 (n = 8) and SP100 (n = 9) samples.

Figure 5

Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of FM100 (n = 8) and SP100 (n = 9) samples at phylum level. Each item represents an individual sample.