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. 2021 Jun 27;13(7):1249.
doi: 10.3390/v13071249.

Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study

Vicky L Baillie  1   2 , David P Moore  1   2   3 , Azwifarwi Mathunjwa  1   2 , Henry C Baggett  4   5 , Abdullah Brooks  6   7 , Daniel R Feikin  8   9 , Laura L Hammitt  8   10 , Stephen R C Howie  11   12 , Maria Deloria Knoll  8 , Karen L Kotloff  13 , Orin S Levine  8 , Katherine L O'Brien  8 , Anthony G Scott  10   14 , Donald M Thea  15 , Martin Antonio  11   16 , Juliet O Awori  10 , Amanda J Driscoll  8   17 , Nicholas S S Fancourt  8 , Melissa M Higdon  8 , Ruth A Karron  18 , Susan C Morpeth  10   14   19 , Justin M Mulindwa  20 , David R Murdoch  21   22 , Daniel E Park  8   23 , Christine Prosperi  8 , Mohammed Ziaur Rahman  7 , Mustafizur Rahman  7 , Rasheed A Salaudeen  11   24 , Pongpun Sawatwong  4 , Somwe Wa Somwe  20 , Samba O Sow  25 , Milagritos D Tapia  13 , Eric A F Simões  1   26 , Shabir A Madhi  1   2
Affiliations

Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study

Vicky L Baillie et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Rhinovirus (RV) is commonly detected in asymptomatic children; hence, its pathogenicity during childhood pneumonia remains controversial. We evaluated RV epidemiology in HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls. PERCH was a case-control study that enrolled children (1-59 months) hospitalized with severe and very severe pneumonia per World Health Organization clinical criteria and age-frequency-matched community controls in seven countries. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for all participants, combined, and tested for RV and 18 other respiratory viruses using the Fast Track multiplex real-time PCR assay. RV detection was more common among cases (24%) than controls (21%) (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI:1.3-1.6). This association was driven by the children aged 12-59 months, where 28% of cases vs. 18% of controls were RV-positive (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI:1.8-2.5). Wheezing was 1.8-fold (aOR 95%CI:1.4-2.2) more prevalent among pneumonia cases who were RV-positive vs. RV-negative. Of the RV-positive cases, 13% had a higher probability (>75%) that RV was the cause of their pneumonia based on the PERCH integrated etiology analysis; 99% of these cases occurred in children over 12 months in Bangladesh. RV was commonly identified in both cases and controls and was significantly associated with severe pneumonia status among children over 12 months of age, particularly those in Bangladesh. RV-positive pneumonia was associated with wheezing.

Keywords: PERCH; childhood; epidemiology; pneumonia; rhinovirus.

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Conflict of interest statement

S.A.M. has received honoraria for advisory board participation from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Pfizer, Medimmune, and Novartis and institutional grants from GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Minervax, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and has served on speakers’ bureaus for Sanofi Pasteur and GSK. M.D.K. has received funding for consultation from Merck, Pfizer, and Novartis and grant funding from Merck. C.P. has received grant funding from Merck. K.L.O. has received grant funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer and participates on technical advisory boards for Merck, Sanofi-Pasteur, PATH, Affinivax, and ClearPath. K.L.K. has received grant funding from Merck Sharp & Dohme. W.A.B. reported funding from Sanofi, PATH, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and contributed to contemporaneous studies from Serum Institute of India, LTD, Roche, and Sanofi. All other authors: No reported conflicts. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The number of cases and controls enrolled per country and overall.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Individual Case Etiological Probability of rhinovirus-Associated Pneumonia Based the PERCH Integrated Analysis, Stratified by Age Group (A) and Study Site (B). The figures display the distribution of the individual case probability that rhinovirus was the cause of pneumonia based on the PERCH integrated etiology analysis [26]. Cases with an etiologic probability <5% for rhinovirus were excluded to scale the y axis and better visualize the cases with higher probability (>75%) of disease associated with rhinovirus. Cases testing positive for rhinovirus by nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal RT-PCR are displayed in pink. Cases who tested negative by RT-PCR for rhinovirus are displayed in blue. Cases with missing nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal PCR data are shown in gray.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Prevalence of rhinovirus among Cases and Controls by PERCH overall (A), Age Group (B), and Site of enrolment (C–E). The * denotes groups where rhinovirus prevalence differs significantly (adjusted for site of enrolment and age where necessary) between cases and controls. Mono-infections refers to when rhinovirus was the only respiratory virus detected in the nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples, and mixed infections refers to any viral co-infection with rhinovirus and RSV (A,B), HMPV, AdV, InFV (A–C), PIV type 1–4, or HCoV (OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1). By age group, RV detection was associated with control status in infants 1- to < 6-months of age, and RV detection was associated with case status in children >12–59 months of age. By site, RV detection was associated with case status in Bangladesh and Kenya but only in children >12 months of age.
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