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Review
. 2021 Jun 4;26(11):3406.
doi: 10.3390/molecules26113406.

The Effect of High Fat Diet on Cerebrovascular Health and Pathology: A Species Comparative Review

Benjamin Zimmerman  1   2   3 , Payel Kundu  1 , William D Rooney  1   2 , Jacob Raber  1   4
Affiliations
Review

The Effect of High Fat Diet on Cerebrovascular Health and Pathology: A Species Comparative Review

Benjamin Zimmerman et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

In both humans and animal models, consumption of a high-saturated-fat diet has been linked to vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Laboratory animals provide excellent models for more invasive high-fat-diet-related research. However, the physiological differences between humans and common animal models in terms of how they react metabolically to high-fat diets need to be considered. Here, we review the factors that may affect the translatability of mechanistic research in animal models, paying special attention to the effects of a high-fat diet on vascular outcomes. We draw attention to the dissociation between metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in rodents, unlike the state in humans, where the two commonly occur. We also discuss the differential vulnerability between species to the metabolic and vascular effects of macronutrients in the diet. Findings from animal studies are better interpreted as modeling specific aspects of dysfunction. We conclude that the differences between species provide an opportunity to explore why some species are protected from the detrimental aspects of high-fat-diet-induced dysfunction, and to translate these findings into benefits for human health.

Keywords: cardiovascular health; cerebrovasculature; cognition; high-fat diet; metabolism; species differences.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Detrimental Effects of an HFD. Consumption of an HFD can impair cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and cognitive health.
Figure 2
Figure 2
HFD effects on BBB integrity. A diet high in saturated fatty acids can impair BBB integrity and impair cognition.
Figure 3
Figure 3
HFD diet can induce inflammation. Chronic HFD consumption can lead to leakage in the intestinal barrier, leading to elevated serum levels of LPS. Elevated LPS may be a triggering factor for the development of insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Species differences in HFD response. A representation of major species differences in the effects of HFD that may affect the cerebrovasculature.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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