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. 2021 Jun 4;18(11):6069.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18116069.

Bioimpedance Vector Patterns according to Age and Handgrip Strength in Adolescent Male and Female Athletes

Marcus Vinicius de Oliveira Cattem  1 , Bruna Taranto Sinforoso  1 , Francesco Campa  2 , Josely Correa Koury  1
Affiliations

Bioimpedance Vector Patterns according to Age and Handgrip Strength in Adolescent Male and Female Athletes

Marcus Vinicius de Oliveira Cattem et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Bioelectric Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) can be used to qualitatively compare individuals' hydration and cell mass independently of predictive equations. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of BIVA considering chronological age and handgrip strength in adolescent athletes. A total of 273 adolescents (male; 59%) engaged in different sports were evaluated. Bioelectrical impedance (Z), resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) were obtained using a single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water were estimated using bioimpedance-based equations specific for adolescents. Female showed higher values of R (5.5%, p = 0.001), R/height (3.8%, p = 0.041), Z (5.3%, p = 0.001), and fat mass (53.9%, p = 0.001) than male adolescents. Male adolescents showed higher values of FFM (5.3%, p = 0.021) and PhA (3.1%, p = 0.033) than female adolescents. In both stratifications, adolescents (older > 13 years or stronger > median value) shifted to the left on the R-Xc graph, showing patterns of higher hydration and cell mass. The discrimination of subjects older than 13 years and having higher median of handgrip strength values was possibly due to maturity differences. This study showed that BIVA identified age and strength influence in vector displacement, assessing qualitative information and offering patterns of vector distribution in adolescent athletes.

Keywords: BIVA; R-Xc graph; adolescent athletes; body composition; confidence ellipses; fat-free mass; tolerance ellipses.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
BIVA nomogram pattern, RXc-graph. Resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were normalized by the height (H, meter) (adapted from Piccoli and Pastore, 2002).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Handgrip strength in female and male according to different age classes (≤13 or >13 years).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean impedance vectors with the 95% confidence ellipses for adolescent athletes sorted by chronological age (A) or handgrip strength classification (B). Mahalanobis distances (D), Hotelling T2-tests, F and p-values are included.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mean impedance vectors with the 50, 75, and 95% tolerance ellipses for the female (A) and male (B) adolescent athletes, according to age and handgrip strength categories.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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