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. 2021 Jun 10;12(6):539.
doi: 10.3390/insects12060539.

Tracing the Origin of Korean Invasive Populations of the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)

Hyojoong Kim  1 , Sohee Kim  1   2 , Yerim Lee  1 , Heung-Sik Lee  2 , Seong-Jin Lee  2 , Jong-Ho Lee  2
Affiliations

Tracing the Origin of Korean Invasive Populations of the Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)

Hyojoong Kim et al. Insects. .

Abstract

Lycorma delicatula (White) suddenly arrived in Korea where it rapidly spread out in the central region of Korea and caused serious damage to grape vineyards. To trace the source region of its invasiveness, population genetic structures were compared between the native region, China, and the introduced regions, Korea and Japan. We examined 762 individuals from 38 different population collections using 15 microsatellite loci. Both principal coordinate and structure analyses displayed that the Chinese populations were separated into three subgroups which were located significantly far apart from each other. Among them, the Shanghai population was located closest to most Korean populations. Based on the genetic relationships and structures, it was revealed that the multiple introductions into Korea occurred at least three times. In addition, the Shanghai population was strongly estimated to be a source of initial invasive populations of Korea. In addition, analysis of the approximate Bayesian computation suggested simultaneous spread from two distant locations early in the invasion by artificial transportation of the host plants bearing egg masses. Our population genetics study can provide a precedent case with regards to identifying spreads by anthropogenic outcomes in other invasive regions.

Keywords: exotic species; inferring origin; invasion route; molecular epidemiology; population genetics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A plot of the principal coordinate analysis based on the first two factors for 38 populations of SLF in GENALEX. Each color corresponds to the countries: red—Korea with 25 populations; blue—China with 12 populations; green—Japan with 1 population.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Population relative (r) test for 30 regional populations from Korea (17), China (12), and Japan (1) in GENALEX. r (blue) means autocorrelation coefficient; U (upper red) is +95% confidence; L (lower red) is −95% confidence; cross bars are standard deviation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Sampling locations for 31 populations of SLF in (A) China (12 populations), (B) Korea (18 populations), and (C) Japan (1 population). The pie graphs indicate the genetic structure of each local population based on a Bayesian inference of multilocus microsatellite genotype in STRUCTURE, which is partitioned when K = 5.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The four scenarios (A–D) for the DIYABC analyses to infer the invasion route into northern (NG) and/or middle (MG) part of Korea from Shanghai (SG), China, using a dataset that includes 168 individuals from three subgroups, which consisted of 80 individuals from the ‘NG’ group (KR10-SL, KR10-IN, KR10-SW); 62 from the ‘MG’ group (KR10-CA, KR10-NS, KR10-BA); and 26 from the ‘SG’ group (CN10-SH). ‘gb’ means genetic bottleneck.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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