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. 2021 Jun 8;13(12):1903.
doi: 10.3390/polym13121903.

Influence of ER-CR-YSGG Laser and Photodynamic Therapy on the Dentin Bond Integrity of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Containing Resin Dentin Adhesive: SEM-EDX, Micro-Raman, Micro-Tensile, and FTIR Evaluation

Abdullah S Aljamhan  1 , Mohammad H Alrefeai  1 , Alhanouf Alhabdan  1 , Sarah A Alhusseini  1 , Imran Farooq  2 , Fahim Vohra  3 , Mustafa Naseem  4 , Fahad Alkhudhairy  1
Affiliations

Influence of ER-CR-YSGG Laser and Photodynamic Therapy on the Dentin Bond Integrity of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Containing Resin Dentin Adhesive: SEM-EDX, Micro-Raman, Micro-Tensile, and FTIR Evaluation

Abdullah S Aljamhan et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

The study aimed to analyze the effect of the addition of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) particles on the mechanical properties of experimental adhesive (EA). Furthermore, dentin interaction of EA (without nano-HA) and EA with nano-HA (hereon referred to as HA-10%) were also investigated and equated. Methods consisting of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) test, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were employed to study nano-HA particles shape, dentin bond strength, degree of conversion (DC), and adhesive-dentin interaction. Ninety teeth (N = 90) were collected, and pre-bonding, conditioning of dentin was performed utilizing phosphoric acid (H3PO4) etching, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and ER-CR-YSGG (ECY) laser. The teeth were set to form bonded specimens using two adhesives. Nano-HA particles were spherical-shaped, and EDX confirmed the presence of oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus. Micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed distinct phosphate and carbonate peaks for nano-HA. The µTBS test demonstrated highest values for HA-10% group on the H3PO4 conditioned dentin. The greatest DC was observed for the EA group. The addition of nano-HA-10 wt.% particles in dentin adhesive resulted in improved bond strength. The incorporation also demonstrated acceptable DC (although lower than EA group), suitable dentin interaction, and resin tag formation.

Keywords: H3PO4; adhesive; hydroxyapatite; laser; photodynamic therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM image of HA nanoparticles. These nanoparticles on SEM showed a uniform round shape in mostly agglomerated form with few isolated particles.
Figure 2
Figure 2
EDX element mapping evaluation of the HA nanoparticles. The two figures show evidence of calcium (CA), and phosphorus (P) in the samples.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images of bonded dentin specimen. (A) HA-PDT group specimens showing standard hybrid layer (HL) formation with low to average resin tag formation in dentin. (B) HA-ER group specimens showing classic HL formation with a high number of resin tags. (C) HA-ECY group specimens showing uneven dentin surface and craters (arrows) at the interface with no resin tags and dentin penetration. (D) EA-ECY group specimens displaying craters (arrows) on the dentin surface at the interface with little to no HL and missing resin tags, showing minimal dentin penetration. (E) EA-PDT group specimens showing a low number of resin tags in dentin. (F) EA-ER group specimens showing standard HL and multiple resin tag formation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images of bonded dentin specimen. (A) HA-PDT group specimens showing standard hybrid layer (HL) formation with low to average resin tag formation in dentin. (B) HA-ER group specimens showing classic HL formation with a high number of resin tags. (C) HA-ECY group specimens showing uneven dentin surface and craters (arrows) at the interface with no resin tags and dentin penetration. (D) EA-ECY group specimens displaying craters (arrows) on the dentin surface at the interface with little to no HL and missing resin tags, showing minimal dentin penetration. (E) EA-PDT group specimens showing a low number of resin tags in dentin. (F) EA-ER group specimens showing standard HL and multiple resin tag formation.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Raman spectra of the HA nanoparticles showing chemical groups identified by Raman analysis that could be identified as phosphate (υ1 PO4 ≈ 960 cm−1) and carbonate group at 1070 cm−1.
Figure 5
Figure 5
CH3 and –CH2 deformations within the EA are represented by peaks between 1410 and 1460 cm−1.
Figure 6
Figure 6
FTIR spectrum of uncured and cured resin adhesives containing HA nanoparticles and control (without nanoparticles). The DC was estimated from 1607 cm−1 and 1638 cm−1 wavenumber.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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