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. 2021 Jun 23;8(7):118.
doi: 10.3390/vetsci8070118.

Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves

Sang-Ik Oh  1 , Suk-Han Jung  1 , Han-Kyoung Lee  2 , Changyong Choe  1 , Tai-Young Hur  1 , Kyoung-Min So  1
Affiliations

Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves

Sang-Ik Oh et al. Vet Sci. .

Abstract

Giardia duodenalis is one of the most widely occurring zoonotic protozoan parasites causing diarrheal disease in calves. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of G. duodenalis in Korean native calves and elucidate the causal factors associated with giardiasis in these animals. We investigated the sequences of three genes (ssu, bg, and gdh) of G. duodenalis in fecal samples collected from 792 Korean native calves during 2019-2020. Data were analyzed with regard to age, sex, sampling season, and the fecal sample type (based on its physical characteristics). The samples were screened for the three genes mentioned above, and 44 samples (5.6%) were G. duodenalis-positive. Polymerase chain reaction results showed a significantly higher prevalence of the infection in calves aged ≥1 month and in those with watery diarrhea in spring season. Screening for the gene sequences ssu (87.5%), bg (96.2%), and gdh (96.7%) revealed that most of the G. duodenalis-positive samples belonged to assemblage E. Four of the G. duodenalis-positive samples belonged to the zoonotic assemblage A. This study highlights the importance of continuous surveillance of genetic mutations in G. duodenalis for the detection of emerging variants of zoonotic G. duodenalis in calves.

Keywords: Giardia duodenalis; assemblage; calves; multilocus genotyping; zoonotic infection.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A map of the Republic of Korea showing the location of the sampling sites from where fecal samples were collected from Korean native calves. GJ: Gimje (n = 624); JE: Jeongeup (n = 97); YJ: Youngju (n = 19); IS: Iksan (n = 14); GJ: Gongju (n = 13); HS: Hongseong (n = 7); HC: Hapcheon (n = 6); JJ: Jeonju (n = 3); AD: Andong (n = 3); WJ: Wanju (n = 2); JA: Jinan (n = 2); YC: Yecheon (n = 2).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Venn diagram of Giardia-duodenalis-positive samples (n = 44). Numbers of fecal samples that were PCR positive for ssu rRNA gene and/or bg gene and/or gdh gene are provided.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree of G. duodenalis based on SSU rRNA gene sequences. The neighbor-joining method was used to construct the tree; the red circles indicate the sequences detected in this study. The GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses, and the G. duodenalis assemblages are indicated with one-sided square brackets. Tree reliability was tested by running 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Phylogenetic tree of G. duodenalis based on β-giardin gene sequences. The neighbor-joining method was used to construct the tree; the blue circles indicate the sequences detected in this study. The GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses, and the G. duodenalis assemblages are indicated with one-sided square brackets. Tree reliability was tested by running 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Phylogenetic tree of G. duodenalis based on GDH gene sequences. The neighbor-joining method was used to construct the tree; the green circles indicate the sequences detected in this study. The GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses, and the G. duodenalis assemblages are indicated with one-sided square brackets. Tree reliability was tested by running 1000 bootstrap replicates.
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