Nanoparticles as a Tool in Neuro-Oncology Theranostics

Abstract

The rapid growth of nanotechnology and the development of novel nanomaterials with unique physicochemical characteristics provides potential for the utility of nanomaterials in theranostics, including neuroimaging, for identifying neurodegenerative changes or central nervous system malignancy. Here we present a systematic and thorough review of the current evidence pertaining to the imaging characteristics of various nanomaterials, their associated toxicity profiles, and mechanisms for enhancing tropism in an effort to demonstrate the utility of nanoparticles as an imaging tool in neuro-oncology. Particular attention is given to carbon-based and metal oxide nanoparticles and their theranostic utility in MRI, CT, photoacoustic imaging, PET imaging, fluorescent and NIR fluorescent imaging, and SPECT imaging.

Keywords: imaging; nanoparticles; neuro-oncology; neurosurgery; theranostic.

Figure 1

Nanoparticle and theranostic delivery. (A) Several nanoparticle systems have been described, each suited for optimal delivery and targeting of therapeutic agents [1,2]. (B) The theranostic nanoparticle can be formulated to include both an imaging agent and therapeutic agent [1]; (C) several options are available for either imaging of tumor and treatment of tumor [1]; (D) classical theranostic agent with radioactive cargo delivered to tumor via antibody targeting [3].

Figure 2

Delivery of theranostic molecules to the brain and tumor with use of nanoparticles. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a microvascular unit with tight junctions between the vascular endothelium cells causing selective permeability of small molecules. Use of nanoparticles can increase distribution of compounds to the brain with enhanced therapeutic or diagnostic outcomes.