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. 2021 Jun 15;11(6):1790.
doi: 10.3390/ani11061790.

Dietary Synbiotics Can Help Relieve the Impacts of Deltamethrin Toxicity of Nile Tilapia Reared at Low Temperatures

Mahmoud S Gewaily  1 , Safaa E Abdo  2 , Eman M Moustafa  3 , Marwa F AbdEl-Kader  4 , Ibrahim M Abd El-Razek  5 , Mohamed El-Sharnouby  6 , Mohamed Alkafafy  6 , Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza  7 , Mohammed F El Basuini  8   9 , Hien Van Doan  10   11 , Mahmoud A O Dawood  5
Affiliations

Dietary Synbiotics Can Help Relieve the Impacts of Deltamethrin Toxicity of Nile Tilapia Reared at Low Temperatures

Mahmoud S Gewaily et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

The optimal water temperature for the normal growth of Nile tilapia is between 26 and 28 °C, and the toxicity of pesticides is strongly related to water temperature. An alternate approach to augmenting the resistance of fish to ambient water toxicity and low water temperature via synbiotic feeding was proposed. In this study, fish were allocated into four groups with 10 fish in each replicate, where they were fed a basal diet or synbiotics (550 mg/kg) and kept at a suboptimal water temperature (21 ± 2 °C). The prepared diets were fed to Nile tilapia for 30 days with or without deltamethrin (DMT) ambient exposure (15 μg/L). The groups were named control (basal diet without DMT toxicity), DMT (basal diet with DMT toxicity), synbiotic (synbiotics without DMT toxicity), and DMT + synbiotic (synbiotics with DMT toxicity). The results displayed upregulated transcription of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and interferon (IFN-γ) genes caused by DMT exposure and synbiotic feeding when compared with the controls. Moreover, HSP70 and CASP3 genes displayed increased transcription caused by DMT exposure without synbiotic feeding. However, fish fed with synbiotics showed downregulated HSP70 and CASP3 gene expressions. The transcription of IL-1β and IL-8 genes were also decreased by DMT exposure, while fish fed synbiotics showed upregulated levels. DMT exposure resulted in irregular histopathological features in gills, intestine, spleen, and liver tissues, while fish fed synbiotics showed regular, normal, and protected histopathological images. Our results indicated that dietary synbiotics ameliorated histopathological damages in DMT-exposed tilapia through alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as enhancing the immunity.

Keywords: Nile tilapia; deltamethrin; histopathology; inflammation; suboptimal temperature; synbiotic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic summary of the study protocol.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Histology of gills of Nile tilapia in the control (A), deltamethrin (DMT) (B), synbiotic (C), and DMT with synbiotic (D) groups. In (A,C,D), the gills show normal histological structures, including primary filaments (PF), secondary filaments (black arrow), and mucous cells (black arrowhead) between the secondary filaments. The toxic effect of DMT (B) causes telangiectasia and erosion of secondary filaments (white arrowhead), congestion of blood vessels of primary filaments (BV), and degeneration of epithelial lining (white arrow). H&E staining; bar = 100 µm.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Histology of intestine of Nile tilapia in the control (A), deltamethrin (DMT) (B), synbiotic (C), and DMT with synbiotic (D) groups. In (A), the intestine shows normal histological structures, including the intestinal villi (V), lamina propria sub mucosa (LP), tunica muscularis (M), and tunica serosa (S). The toxic effect of deltamethrin (B) decreases the number of intestinal villi with degeneration of the epithelial lining (white arrow) and leukocytic infiltration. In (C,D), the intestine has a normal appearance like that in the control group. The intestinal villi increase in number, height, and width with prominent goblet cells (black arrowhead) and without a toxic effect of deltamethrin in group (D). H&E staining; bar = 100 µm.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Histology of liver of Nile tilapia in the control (A), deltamethrin (DMT) (B), synbiotic (C), and DMT with synbiotic (D) groups. In A and C, the hepatopancreas consists of polyhedral hepatocyte (H) and pancreatic cells (P). The toxic effect of deltamethrin (B) causes fatty degeneration (white arrowhead) of hepatocytes and congestion of blood sinusoids (red arrowhead). In (D), the hepatopancreas has a relatively normal structure in addition to some melanomacrophages (white arrow), especially in the pancreatic part (P). H&E staining; bar = 100 µm.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Histology of spleen of Nile tilapia in the control (A), deltamethrin (DMT) (B), synbiotic (C), and both DMT with synbiotic (D) groups. In A and C, the spleen consists of white (W) and red pulps (R) that increase in group (C). In the deltamethrin group (B), the splenic tissue reveals a large area of necrosis (N). In (D), the splenic tissue has a relatively normal structure with increased melanomacrophages (white arrow). H&E staining; bar = 100 µm.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Transcription of antioxidative genes: (A) catalase (CAT) and (B) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in Nile tilapia treated with deltamethrin (DMT) with synbiotic feeding. Bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3), and different letters show significant differences (p < 0.05).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Transcription of (A) heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and (B) caspase 3 (CASP3) in Nile tilapia treated with deltamethrin (DMT) with synbiotic feeding. Bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3), and different letters show significant differences (p < 0.05).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Transcription of (A) interleukin 1β (IL-1β), (B) interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), (C) interleukin 8 (IL-8) in Nile tilapia treated with deltamethrin (DMT) with synbiotic feeding. Bars represent mean ± SD (n = 3), and different letters show significant differences (p < 0.05).
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