Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Jun 18;10(12):2703.
doi: 10.3390/jcm10122703.

Extrahepatic Portal Vein Thrombosis, an Important Cause of Portal Hypertension in Children

Alina Grama  1   2 , Alexandru Pîrvan  1   2 , Claudia Sîrbe  1 , Lucia Burac  2 , Horia Ştefănescu  3   4 , Otilia Fufezan  5 , Mădălina Adriana Bordea  6 , Tudor Lucian Pop  1   2
Affiliations

Extrahepatic Portal Vein Thrombosis, an Important Cause of Portal Hypertension in Children

Alina Grama et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

One of the most important causes of portal hypertension among children is extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EHPVT). The most common risk factors for EHPVT are neonatal umbilical vein catheterization, transfusions, bacterial infections, dehydration, and thrombophilia. Our study aimed to describe the clinical manifestations, treatment, evolution, and risk factors of children with EHPVT.

Methods: We analyzed retrospectively all children admitted and followed in our hospital with EHPVT between January 2011-December 2020. The diagnosis was made by ultrasound or contrast magnetic resonance imaging. We evaluated the onset symptoms, complications, therapeutic methods, and risk factors.

Results: A total of 63 children, mean age 5.14 ± 4.90 (33 boys, 52.38%), were evaluated for EHPVT during the study period. The first symptoms were upper gastrointestinal bleeding (31 children, 49.21%) and splenomegaly (22 children, 34.92%). Thrombocytopenia was present in 44 children (69.84%). The most frequent risk factors were umbilical vein catheterization (46 children, 73.02%) and bacterial infections during the neonatal period (30 children, 47.62%). Protein C, protein S, antithrombin III levels were decreased in 44 of the 48 patients tested. In 42 of these cases, mutations for thrombophilia were tested, and 37 were positive. Upper digestive endoscopy was performed in all cases, revealing esophageal varices in 56 children (88.89%). All children with gastrointestinal bleeding received an octreotide infusion. In 26 children (41.27%), variceal ligation was performed, and in 5 children (7.94%), sclerotherapy. Porto-systemic shunt was performed in 11 children (17.46%), and Meso-Rex shunt was done in 4 children (6.35%). The evolution was favorable in 62 cases (98.41%). Only one child died secondary to severe sepsis.

Conclusions: EHPVT is frequently diagnosed in the last period in our region due to the increased use of umbilical vein catheterization. Furthermore, genetic predisposition, neonatal bacterial infections, and prematurity certainly play an important role in this condition. A proactive ultrasound assessment of children with risk factors for EHPVT should be encouraged for early diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords: children; portal vein thrombosis; splenomegaly; thrombophilia; umbilical vein catheter; upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Emre S., Dugan C., Frankenberg T., Hudgins L.C., Gagliardi R., Artis A.T., Rodriguez-Laiz G., Gondolesi G., Shneider B.L., Kerkar N. Surgical portosystemic shunts and the Rex bypass in children: A single-centre experience. HPB (Oxford) 2009;11:252–257. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00047.x. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Williams S., Chan A. Neonatal portal vein thrombosis: Diagnosis and management. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;16:329–339. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2011.08.005. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pietrobattista A., Luciani M., Abraldes J.G., Candusso M., Pancotti S., Soldati M., Monti L., Torre G., Nobili V. Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis in children and adolescents: Influence of genetic thrombophilic disorders. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010;16:6123–6127. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i48.6123. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Di Giorgio A., De Angelis P., Cheli M., Vajro P., Iorio R., Cananzi M., Riva S., Maggiore G., Indolfi G., Calvo P.L., et al. Etiology, presenting features and outcome of children with non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis: A multicentre national study. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51:1179–1184. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.02.014. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rosendaal F.R. Thrombosis in the young: Epidemiology and risk factors. A focus on venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1997;78:1–6. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1657492. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources