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Review
. 2021 Jun 30;11(7):625.
doi: 10.3390/jpm11070625.

Exploring the Oral Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases, State of Art and Future Prospective in Personalized Medicine with an AI Approach

Silvia Bellando-Randone  1 , Edda Russo  1 , Vincenzo Venerito  2 , Marco Matucci-Cerinic  1   3 , Florenzo Iannone  2 , Sabina Tangaro  4 , Amedeo Amedei  1
Affiliations
Review

Exploring the Oral Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases, State of Art and Future Prospective in Personalized Medicine with an AI Approach

Silvia Bellando-Randone et al. J Pers Med. .

Abstract

The oral microbiome is receiving growing interest from the scientific community, as the mouth is the gateway for numerous potential etiopathogenetic factors in different diseases. In addition, the progression of niches from the mouth to the gut, defined as "oral-gut microbiome axis", affects several pathologies, as rheumatic diseases. Notably, rheumatic disorders (RDs) are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue. In this review, we examine evidence which supports a role for the oral microbiome in the etiology and progression of various RDs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, we address the most recent studies endorsing the oral microbiome as promising diagnostic biomarkers for RDs. Lastly, we introduce the concepts of artificial intelligence (AI), in particular, machine learning (ML) and their general application for understanding the link between oral microbiota and rheumatic diseases, speculating the application of a possible AI approach-based that can be applied to personalized medicine in the future.

Keywords: Sjogren’s syndrome; artificial intelligence; biomarkers; machine learning; microbiome; oral microbiota; rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatology diseases; systemic lupus erythematosus.

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The dysbiosis of oral microbiome in rheumatic diseases.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Genetic and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Oral dysbiosis in Sjogren’s syndrome.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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