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. 2021 Jun 29;14(13):3620.
doi: 10.3390/ma14133620.

Casein/Apricot Filler in the Production of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Composites

Sylwia Członka  1 , Agnė Kairytė  2 , Karolina Miedzińska  1 , Anna Strąkowska  1
Affiliations

Casein/Apricot Filler in the Production of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Composites

Sylwia Członka et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Polyurethane (PUR) composites reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of apricot filler modified with casein were synthesized in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of casein/apricot filler on the cellular structure and physico-mechanical performances of reinforced PUR composites were determined. It was found that the incorporation of 1 and 2 wt.% of casein/apricot filler resulted in the production of PUR composites with improved selected physical, thermal, and mechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of casein/apricot filler led to some deterioration of their physico-mechanical performance. The best results were obtained for PUR composites reinforced with 2 wt.% of casein/apricot filler. Those composites were characterized by a uniform structure and a high content of closed cells. Compared with the reference foam, the incorporation of 2 wt.% of casein/apricot filler resulted in improvement in compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and dynamic mechanical properties-such as glass transition temperature and storage modulus. Most importantly, PUR composites showed better fire resistance and thermal stability due to the good thermal performance of casein. The main aim of this article is to determine the influence of the natural combination of the apricot filler and casein on the mechanical properties and flammability of the obtained composites.

Keywords: composites; flame retardancy; mechanical characteristic; polyurethanes; thermal conductivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The chemical structure of casein.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic procedure of the synthesis of PUR composites reinforced with casein/apricot filler.
Figure 3
Figure 3
External morphology of (a) apricot filler, and (b) casein/apricot filler.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Particle-size distribution of (a) apricot filler and (b) casein/apricot filler.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) FTIR spectrum and the (b) UV-Vis spectrum of casein/apricot filler.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Dynamic viscosity of PUR systems modified with casein/apricot filler and (b) maximum temperature measured during the synthesis of PUR composites.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Cellular morphology of PUR composites: (a,b) PUR_REF; (c,d) PUR_AS_C_1; (e,f) PUR_AS_C_2; (g,h) PUR_AS_C_5.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Apparent density and average cell diameter of PUR composites reinforced with casein/apricot filler.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Percentage distribution of cell size in the structure of PUR composites.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The results of closed-cells content and thermal-conductivity analysis.
Figure 11
Figure 11
XRD patterns of (a) apricot-stone fillers and (b) PUR composites reinforced with casein/apricot filler.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The mechanical performances of PUR composites reinforced with casein/apricot filler—(a) compressive strength and (b) flexural, impact strength.
Figure 13
Figure 13
The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (a) tanδ and (b) storage modulus of PUR composites.
Figure 14
Figure 14
The results of the cone calorimeter test: (a) the peak rate of heat release (pHRR), (b) the total smoke release (TSR), (c) the average yield of CO, and (d) the average yield of CO2.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Polyurethane foams residues after the combustion process: (a,b) PUR_REF, (c,d) PUR_AS_C_1, (e,f) PUR_AS_C_2, and (g,h) PUR_AS_C_5.
Figure 16
Figure 16
(a) Thermogravimetric (TGA) and (b) derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) results were obtained for PUR composites reinforced with casein/apricot filler.
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