Electrophysiological and ECG Effects of Perhexiline, a Mixed Cardiac Ion Channel Inhibitor, Evaluated in Nonclinical Assays and in Healthy Subjects

Abstract

Perhexiline has been used to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In addition to its effect on carnitine-palmitoyltransferase-1, it has mixed ion channel effects through inhibition of several cardiac ion currents. Effects on cardiac ion channels expressed in mammalian cells were assayed using a manual patch-clamp technique, action potential duration (APD) was measured in ventricular trabeculae of human donor hearts, and electrocardiogram effects were evaluated in healthy subjects in a thorough QT (TQT) study. Perhexiline blocked several cardiac ion currents at concentrations within the therapeutic range (150-600 ng/mL) with IC₅₀ for hCav1.2 ∼ hERG < late hNav1.5. A significant APD shortening was observed in perhexiline-treated cardiomyocytes. The TQT study was conducted with a pilot part in 9 subjects to evaluate a dosing schedule that would achieve therapeutic and supratherapeutic perhexiline plasma concentrations on days 4 and 6, respectively. Guided by the results from the pilot, 104 subjects were enrolled in a parallel-designed part with a nested crossover comparison for the positive control. Perhexiline caused QTc prolongation, with the largest effect on ΔΔQTcF, 14.7 milliseconds at therapeutic concentrations and 25.6 milliseconds at supratherapeutic concentrations and a positive and statistically significant slope of the concentration-ΔΔQTcF relationship (0.018 milliseconds per ng/mL; 90%CI, 0.0119-0.0237 milliseconds per ng/mL). In contrast, the JTpeak interval was shortened with a negative concentration-JTpeak relationship, a pattern consistent with multichannel block. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether this results in a low proarrhythmic risk.

Keywords: CiPA; JTpeak; QT; concentration-effect modeling; multi-channel block; perhexiline.