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. 2021;82(1):59-70.
doi: 10.3233/JAD-201249.

Normative References for Graphomotor and Latency Digital Clock Drawing Metrics for Adults Age 55 and Older: Operationalizing the Production of a Normal Appearing Clock

Anis Davoudi  1 , Catherine Dion  2 , Erin Formanski  2 , Brandon E Frank  2 , Shawna Amini  3 , Emily F Matusz  4 , Victor Wasserman  5 , Dana Penney  6 , Randall Davis  7 , Parisa Rashidi  1 , Patrick J Tighe  3 , Kenneth M Heilman  8 , Rhoda Au  9   10   11   12 , David J Libon  4   5 , Catherine C Price  2   3
Affiliations

Normative References for Graphomotor and Latency Digital Clock Drawing Metrics for Adults Age 55 and Older: Operationalizing the Production of a Normal Appearing Clock

Anis Davoudi et al. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021.

Erratum in

Abstract

Background: Relative to the abundance of publications on dementia and clock drawing, there is limited literature operationalizing 'normal' clock production.

Objective: To operationalize subtle behavioral patterns seen in normal digital clock drawing to command and copy conditions.

Methods: From two research cohorts of cognitively-well participants age 55 plus who completed digital clock drawing to command and copy conditions (n = 430), we examined variables operationalizing clock face construction, digit placement, clock hand construction, and a variety of time-based, latency measures. Data are stratified by age, education, handedness, and number anchoring.

Results: Normative data are provided in supplementary tables. Typical errors reported in clock research with dementia were largely absent. Adults age 55 plus produce symmetric clock faces with one stroke, with minimal overshoot and digit misplacement, and hands with expected hour hand to minute hand ratio. Data suggest digitally acquired graphomotor and latency differences based on handedness, age, education, and anchoring.

Conclusion: Data provide useful benchmarks from which to assess digital clock drawing performance in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

Keywords: Older adult; aging; attention; clock drawing test; cognition; dementia; digital technology; executive function; laterality; middle aged; neuropsychological tests; reference standards; short-term memory.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict: Authors have no conflict to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1a.
Figure 1a.
Framingham Corpus Selection
Figure 1b.
Figure 1b.
Florida Cohort Selection
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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