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. 2021 Jul 1:45:e80.
doi: 10.26633/RPSP.2021.80. eCollection 2021.

Equity and the Cuban National Health System's response to COVID-19

Pedro Mas Bermejo  1 , Lizet Sánchez Valdés  2 , Lorenzo Somarriba López  3 , Nelly Cristina Valdivia Onega  4 , María Josefina Vidal Ledo  5 , Ileana Alfonso Sánchez  6 , Armando Seuc Jo  7 , Yudivian Almeida Cruz  8 , Roberto Morales Ojeda  8
Affiliations

Equity and the Cuban National Health System's response to COVID-19

Pedro Mas Bermejo et al. Rev Panam Salud Publica. .

Abstract
in English, Spanish, Portuguese

Cuba's National Health System has managed to guarantee an effective and equitable response to COVID-19. Universal and free health coverage, based on primary care, follows the principle of equity and the greatest resources are allocated to areas of the lowest socioeconomic stratum (where higher risk is concentrated), followed by those of medium and high strata, in that order. This allowed for similar mortality rates in the three strata, and Cuban national mortality rate was one of the lowest in the Region of the Americas. Before the first case was identified in Cuba, a Plan for Coronavirus Prevention and Control was elaborated with multisectoral participation, and when the first case was confirmed the Temporary National Working Group to Fight COVID-19 was created as an advisory body of the government. The actions to face the pandemic began with preventive measures in the community, continued in the isolation centers and ended again in the community with actions of surveillance and follow up of recovered patients. Following the principle of territoriality, molecular diagnosis laboratories were created in the provinces that did not have one. Free medical care and treatment; the preparation of a single national intersectoral government plan; the use of particular strategies for research, diagnosis and case tracing; and the implementation of a universal protocol for disease prevention and treatment of confirmed cases made it possible to control the disease with a health equity perspective.

El Sistema Nacional de Salud de Cuba ha logrado garantizar una respuesta eficaz y con equidad en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. La cobertura de salud universal y gratuita, basada en la atención primaria, sigue el principio de equidad, por lo que los mayores recursos se asignan a los territorios del estrato socioeconómico más bajo, que concentra mayores riesgos de salud, seguidos de los de estratos medio y alto, en ese orden. Esto permitió tener tasas de letalidad similares en los tres estratos, y a nivel nacional la de Cuba es una de las tasas más bajas de la Región de las Américas. Antes de identificar el primer caso en Cuba, se elaboró el Plan para la Prevención y Control del Coronavirus, con participación multisectorial, y al confirmarse el primer caso se creó el Grupo Temporal de Trabajo para Enfrentar la COVID-19 como órgano asesor del Gobierno. Las acciones de enfrentamiento a la pandemia comienzan en la comunidad con medidas preventivas, continúan en los centros de aislamiento y terminan nuevamente en la comunidad, con acciones de vigilancia y acompañamiento a los enfermos recuperados. Siguiendo el principio de territorialidad, se crearon laboratorios de diagnóstico molecular en las provincias que no lo tenían. La atención médica y los tratamientos gratuitos; la preparación de un plan de gobierno intersectorial nacional único; la utilización de estrategias particulares para la pesquisa, diagnóstico y rastreo de casos; y la implementación de un protocolo universal para la prevención de la enfermedad y el tratamiento de los casos confirmados permitieron el control de la enfermedad con una perspectiva de equidad en salud.

O Sistema Nacional de Saúde de Cuba tem assegurado uma resposta eficaz e com equidade ao enfrentar a pandemia de COVID-19. A cobertura de saúde universal e gratuita baseada na atenção primária se pauta no princípio da equidade. Mais recursos são destinados às áreas de nível socioeconômico mais baixo que concentram risco de saúde maior e a seguir, nesta ordem, às áreas de nível socioeconômico médio e alto. Assim, a taxas de letalidade tem sido semelhante nos três níveis e a taxa nacional é uma das mais baixas da Região. Antes de o primeiro caso de COVID-19 ter sido detectado em Cuba, preparou-se o Plano para prevenção e controle do coronavírus com participação multissetorial. Quando o primeiro caso da doença foi confirmado, instituiu-se o Grupo de trabalho temporário para combater a COVID-19 como um órgão assessor do governo. As ações de combate à pandemia começam na comunidade com medidas preventivas, prosseguem nos centros de isolamento e retornam à comunidade com medidas de vigilância sanitária e o acompanhamento dos pacientes recuperados. E, seguindo o princípio de territorialidade, laboratórios de diagnóstico molecular foram instituídos nas províncias onde eles inexistiam. A atenção médica, o tratamento gratuito, a preparação de um plano de governo único intersetorial nacional, o emprego de estratégias próprias para pesquisa, diagnóstico e rastreio de casos e a implementação de um protocolo universal para prevenção da doença e tratamento dos casos confirmados possibilitaram controlar a doença de uma perspectiva de equidade em saúde.

Keywords: Coronavirus infections; Cuba; health equity; primary health care; universal health coverage.

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Figures

FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 1.. Distribution of confirmed COVID-19 cases and number of PCR tests administered by Living Conditions Index strata, Cuba, 1 October 2020
FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 2.. Preventive and therapeutic measures adopted, from case detection to recovery of confirmed COVID-19 cases, Cuba, 2020
FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 3.. Incidence of confirmed COVID-19 cases and Oxford Stringency Index, Cuba, 11 March-30 September 2020
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