The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change

doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x

. 2021 Jun;11(6):492-500.

doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x. Epub 2021 May 31.

The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change

A M Vicedo-Cabrera^{1

2

3}, N Scovronick⁴, F Sera^{3

5}, D Royé^{6

7}, R Schneider^{3

8

9

10}, A Tobias^{11

12}, C Astrom¹³, Y Guo¹⁴, Y Honda¹⁵, D M Hondula¹⁶, R Abrutzky¹⁷, S Tong^{18

19

20

21}, M de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho²², P H Nascimento Saldiva²², E Lavigne^{23

24}, P Matus Correa²⁵, N Valdes Ortega²⁵, H Kan²⁶, S Osorio²⁷, J Kyselý^{28

29}, A Urban^{28

29}, H Orru³⁰, E Indermitte³⁰, J J K Jaakkola^{31

32}, N Ryti³¹, M Pascal³³, A Schneider³⁴, K Katsouyanni^{35

36}, E Samoli³⁵, F Mayvaneh³⁷, A Entezari³⁷, P Goodman³⁸, A Zeka³⁹, P Michelozzi⁴⁰, F de'Donato⁴⁰, M Hashizume⁴¹, B Alahmad⁴², M Hurtado Diaz⁴³, C De La Cruz Valencia⁴³, A Overcenco⁴⁴, D Houthuijs⁴⁵, C Ameling⁴⁵, S Rao⁴⁶, F Di Ruscio⁴⁶, G Carrasco-Escobar⁴⁷, X Seposo⁴⁸, S Silva⁴⁹, J Madureira^{50

51}, I H Holobaca⁵², S Fratianni⁵³, F Acquaotta⁵³, H Kim⁵⁴, W Lee⁵⁴, C Iniguez^{7

55}, B Forsberg¹³, M S Ragettli^{56

57}, Y L L Guo^{58

59}, B Y Chen⁵⁹, S Li¹⁴, B Armstrong^{3

9}, A Aleman⁶⁰, A Zanobetti⁴², J Schwartz⁴², T N Dang⁶¹, D V Dung⁶¹, N Gillett⁶², A Haines^{3

8}, M Mengel⁶³, V Huber^{63

64}, A Gasparrini^{3

9

65}

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
² Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
³ Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁴ Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications 'G. Parenti', University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁶ Department of Geography, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
⁷ CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Φ-Lab, European Space Agency (ESA-ESRIN), Frascati, Italy.
⁹ The Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
¹⁰ European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), Reading, UK.
¹¹ Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain.
¹² School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
¹³ Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁵ Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
¹⁶ School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
¹⁷ Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁸ Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
¹⁹ School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
²⁰ School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²¹ Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
²² Faculty of Medicine - ArqFuturo INSPER, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²³ Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
²⁴ School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
²⁵ Department of Public Health, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
²⁶ School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
²⁷ Department of Environmental Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁸ Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
²⁹ Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁰ Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
³¹ Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
³² Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
³³ Santé Publique France, Department of Environmental Health, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France.
³⁴ Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
³⁶ MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
³⁷ Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
³⁸ School of Physics, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁹ Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, UK.
⁴⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy.
⁴¹ Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴² Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴³ Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico.
⁴⁴ Laboratory of Management in Science and Public Health, National Agency for Public Health of the Ministry of Health, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
⁴⁵ Centre for Sustainability and Environmental Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁴⁷ Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine 'Alexander von Humboldt', Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
⁴⁸ Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁴⁹ Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁰ Department of Enviromental Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.
⁵¹ EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁵² Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolay University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁵³ Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁵⁴ Graduate School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁵ Department of Statistics and Computational Research, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁵⁶ Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
⁵⁷ University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁵⁸ Environmental and Occupational Medicine, and Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University (NTU) and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵⁹ National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan,Taiwan.
⁶⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁶¹ Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁶² Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada.
⁶³ Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.
⁶⁴ Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
⁶⁵ Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

PMID: 34221128
PMCID: PMC7611104
DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x

The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change

A M Vicedo-Cabrera et al. Nat Clim Chang. 2021 Jun.

. 2021 Jun;11(6):492-500.

doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x. Epub 2021 May 31.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
² Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
³ Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
⁴ Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications 'G. Parenti', University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁶ Department of Geography, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
⁷ CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Φ-Lab, European Space Agency (ESA-ESRIN), Frascati, Italy.
⁹ The Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
¹⁰ European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), Reading, UK.
¹¹ Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain.
¹² School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
¹³ Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁵ Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
¹⁶ School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
¹⁷ Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁸ Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
¹⁹ School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
²⁰ School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
²¹ Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
²² Faculty of Medicine - ArqFuturo INSPER, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²³ Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
²⁴ School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
²⁵ Department of Public Health, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
²⁶ School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
²⁷ Department of Environmental Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁸ Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
²⁹ Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁰ Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
³¹ Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
³² Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
³³ Santé Publique France, Department of Environmental Health, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France.
³⁴ Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
³⁶ MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
³⁷ Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.
³⁸ School of Physics, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
³⁹ Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, UK.
⁴⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy.
⁴¹ Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴² Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴³ Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico.
⁴⁴ Laboratory of Management in Science and Public Health, National Agency for Public Health of the Ministry of Health, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
⁴⁵ Centre for Sustainability and Environmental Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁴⁷ Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine 'Alexander von Humboldt', Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
⁴⁸ Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
⁴⁹ Department of Epidemiology, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁰ Department of Enviromental Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.
⁵¹ EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁵² Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolay University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁵³ Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁵⁴ Graduate School of Public Health & Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁵⁵ Department of Statistics and Computational Research, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁵⁶ Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
⁵⁷ University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁵⁸ Environmental and Occupational Medicine, and Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University (NTU) and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵⁹ National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan,Taiwan.
⁶⁰ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁶¹ Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁶² Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada.
⁶³ Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.
⁶⁴ Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
⁶⁵ Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

PMID: 34221128
PMCID: PMC7611104
DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x

Abstract

Climate change affects human health; however, there have been no large-scale, systematic efforts to quantify the heat-related human health impacts that have already occurred due to climate change. Here, we use empirical data from 732 locations in 43 countries to estimate the mortality burdens associated with the additional heat exposure that has resulted from recent human-induced warming, during the period 1991-2018. Across all study countries, we find that 37.0% (range 20.5-76.3%) of warm-season heat-related deaths can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change and that increased mortality is evident on every continent. Burdens varied geographically but were of the order of dozens to hundreds of deaths per year in many locations. Our findings support the urgent need for more ambitious mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize the public health impacts of climate change.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Extended Data Fig. 1. Time series plots of the warm-season mean daily temperatures in each scenario provided by each model.**
The time series plots depict the temporal trends in average warm-season temperatures across the 732 locations included in the study. Factual scenario (with natural and anthropogenic forcings) is depicted in brown, while counterfactual scenario (with natural forcings only) in orange. The grey dark area corresponds to the study period 1991–2018. (ACC: ACCESS-ESM1–5, CAN: CanESM5, CNR: CESM2, FGO: FGOALS-g3, GFD: GFDL-ESM4, HAD: HadGEM3-GC31-LL, IPS: IPSL-CM6A-LR, MIR: MIROC6, MRI: MRI-ESM2–0, Nor: NorESM2-LM).

**Extended Data Fig. 2. Time series plots of the warm-season mean daily temperatures in each scenario in the 43 countries included in the study.**
As Fig.1, factual scenario (with natural and anthropogenic forcings) is depicted in brown, while counterfactual scenario (with natural forcings only) in orange. The shaded area corresponds to 1 standard deviation across model-specific average estimates. The dashed line shows the start of the study period (1991–2018).

**Extended Data Fig. 3. Country-averaged warm-season temperature distributions modelled in each scenario.**
As Fig.1, factual scenario (with natural and anthropogenic forcings) is depicted in brown, while counterfactual scenario (with natural forcings only) in orange.

**Extended Data Fig. 4. Location-specific heat-related mortality attributed to human-induced climate change (CC) between 1991–2018.**
Map with the location-specific estimates of heat-related mortality fractions attributed to human-induced climate change (expressed in %). Estimates ranged between 0.2% and 0.8%, corresponding to the interquartile range, with a maximum value of 3.8%, and 23 locations reported an estimate below 0 (minimum value of −0.1%).

**Extended Data Fig. 5. Proportion of heat-related mortality attributed to human-induced climate change (CC), between 1991–2018.**
Map with the location-specific estimates of the proportion of heat-related mortality attributed to human-induced climate change (expressed in %). Estimates ranged between 28.6% and 54.2%, corresponding to the interquartile range, with a maximum value of 92%, and 1 location with estimates below 0 (minimum value of −0.1%).

**Extended Data Fig. 6. Model-specific estimates of the heat-related mortality attributed to human-induced climate change (CC) for each country, expressed as mortality fraction (%).**
The plot shows the model-specific estimates of heat-related mortality fraction attributed to human-induced climate change for each country (1991–2018). ACC: ACCESS-ESM1-5, CAN: CanESM5, CNR: CESM2, FGO: FGOALS-g3, GFD: GFDL-ESM4, HAD: HadGEM3-GC31-LL, IPS: IPSL-CM6A-LR, MIR: MIROC6, MRI: MRI-ESM2-;0, Nor: NorESM2-LM.

**Fig. 1. Temperature modelled under the factual (with both anthropogenic and natural forcings) and counterfactual (with only natural forcings) scenarios.**
a, Warm-season average temperature since 1900, including the 1991–2018 study period (shaded) across the 732 locations. b, Temperature differences between scenarios in the 43 study countries, respectively, during the study period (warm season only). Country results are based on included locations only. c, Average temperature difference between scenarios during the study period in the 732 study locations (warm season only).

**Fig. 2. Heat-mortality associations in 16 representative locations.**
Exposure-response associations are estimated as best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs; Methods) and reported as relative risks (with 95% CI, shaded grey) for a cumulative 10-d lag of warm-season temperature, versus the optimum temperature (corresponding to the temperature of minimum mortality). For comparison across locations, vertical red dotted lines indicate the 99th percentile of location-specific warm-season temperature.

**Fig. 3. Heat-related mortality associations in the 732 locations.**
These are expressed as the estimated relative risk at the 99th percentile of the location-specific warm-season temperature distribution using the temperature of minimum mortality as reference. Estimates are represented by the location-specific BLUPs (Methods).

**Fig. 4. Heat-related mortality and the contribution of human-induced climate change, 1991–2018.**
a, Heat-related mortality as a percentage of total mortality during warm season (mortality fraction (%)) estimated in the 43 countries under the factual (all anthropogenic and natural forcings (shaded)) and counterfactual (natural forcings only (unshaded)) climate scenarios. b, Percentage of total deaths during warm season attributable to heat-related human-induced climate change, estimated as the difference in heat-related mortality in the factual compared to the counterfactual scenario, with the corresponding 95% CI. c, Proportion of heat-related mortality attributable to human-induced climate change estimated as the fraction of heat-related mortality in the factual scenario that results from the contribution of anthropogenic forcings.

**Fig. 5. Heat-related mortality rate attributable to human-induced climate change, 1991–2018.**
The estimated rate in each country is based on the attributable fractions for the location(s) within the country. The rates indicate the total burden in the population and are thus a complementary measure of impact to that of Fig. 4b, which reports the attributable fraction. For example, the rate shown here for Brazil is relatively modest, whereas the fraction is high; the opposite is true in a country like Greece.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Cited by

Annals of Education: Teaching Climate Change and Global Public Health.
Rom WN. Rom WN. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Dec 27;21(1):41. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21010041. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 38248506 Free PMC article.
Classic and exertional heatstroke.
Bouchama A, Abuyassin B, Lehe C, Laitano O, Jay O, O'Connor FG, Leon LR. Bouchama A, et al. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022 Feb 3;8(1):8. doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00334-6. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022. PMID: 35115565 Review.
How Can We Act to Mitigate the Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change?
Dietz WH, Pryor S. Dietz WH, et al. Curr Obes Rep. 2022 Sep;11(3):61-69. doi: 10.1007/s13679-021-00464-8. Curr Obes Rep. 2022. PMID: 35138591 Free PMC article. Review.
Signaling through the dystrophin glycoprotein complex affects the stress-dependent transcriptome in Drosophila.
Carney TD, Hebalkar RY, Edeleva E, Çiçek IÖ, Shcherbata HR. Carney TD, et al. Dis Model Mech. 2023 Jan 1;16(1):dmm049862. doi: 10.1242/dmm.049862. Epub 2023 Jan 31. Dis Model Mech. 2023. PMID: 36594281 Free PMC article.
Heatwaves: does global research reflect the growing threat in the light of climate change?
Klingelhöfer D, Braun M, Brüggmann D, Groneberg DA. Klingelhöfer D, et al. Global Health. 2023 Aug 11;19(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s12992-023-00955-4. Global Health. 2023. PMID: 37568208 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. IPCCMasson-Delmotte V, et al., editors. Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C. WMO; 2018.
1. Gasparrini A, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet. 2015;386:369–375. - PMC - PubMed
1. Hsiang S, et al. Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science. 2017;356:1362–1369. - PubMed
1. Ye X, et al. Ambient temperature and morbidity: a review of epidemiological evidence. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:19–28. - PMC - PubMed
1. Pachauri RK, Meyer LA, IPCC Core Writing Team . Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. IPCC; 2014.

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

[1] IPCCMasson-Delmotte V, et al., editors. Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C. WMO; 2018.

[2] IPCCMasson-Delmotte V, et al., editors. Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C. WMO; 2018.

[3] Gasparrini A, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet. 2015;386:369–375. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Gasparrini A, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet. 2015;386:369–375. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Hsiang S, et al. Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science. 2017;356:1362–1369. - PubMed

[6] Hsiang S, et al. Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science. 2017;356:1362–1369. - PubMed

[7] Ye X, et al. Ambient temperature and morbidity: a review of epidemiological evidence. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:19–28. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Ye X, et al. Ambient temperature and morbidity: a review of epidemiological evidence. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:19–28. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Pachauri RK, Meyer LA, IPCC Core Writing Team . Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. IPCC; 2014.

[10] Pachauri RK, Meyer LA, IPCC Core Writing Team . Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. IPCC; 2014.

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change

Affiliations

The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources