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. 2021 Jul 1;5(7):e2021GH000420.
doi: 10.1029/2021GH000420. eCollection 2021 Jul.

Wastewater Sample Site Selection to Estimate Geographically Resolved Community Prevalence of COVID-19: A Sampling Protocol Perspective

R Yeager  1   2 , R H Holm  1 , K Saurabh  3   4 , J L Fuqua  5   6 , D Talley  7 , A Bhatnagar  1 , T Smith  1
Affiliations

Wastewater Sample Site Selection to Estimate Geographically Resolved Community Prevalence of COVID-19: A Sampling Protocol Perspective

R Yeager et al. Geohealth. .

Abstract

Wastewater monitoring for virus infections within communities can complement conventional clinical surveillance. Currently, most SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) clinical testing is voluntary and inconsistently available, except for a few occupational and educational settings, and therefore likely underrepresents actual population prevalence. Randomized testing on a regular basis to estimate accurate population-level infection rates is prohibitively costly and is hampered by a range of limitations and barriers associated with participation in clinical research. In comparison, community-level fecal monitoring can be performed through wastewater surveillance to effectively surveil communities. However, epidemiologically defined protocols for wastewater sample site selection are lacking. Herein, we describe methods for developing a geographically resolved population-level wastewater sampling approach in Jefferson County, Kentucky, and present preliminary results. Utilizing this site selection protocol, samples (n = 237) were collected from 17 wastewater catchment areas, September 8 to October 30, 2020 from one to four times per week in each area and compared to concurrent clinical data aggregated to wastewater catchment areas and county level. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was consistently present in wastewater during the studied period, and varied by area. Data obtained using the site selection protocol showed variation in geographically resolved wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration compared to clinical rates. These findings highlight the importance of neighborhood-equivalent spatial scales and provide a promising approach for viral epidemic surveillance, thus better guiding spatially targeted public health mitigation strategies.

Keywords: COVID‐19; GIS; SARS‐CoV‐2; environmental surveillance; epidemiology; wastewater.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of iterative wastewater monitoring site selection process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Location of wastewater sampling sites and corresponding wastewater catchment areas in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Underlying geographic information system data for sewer systems and Jefferson County was provided by the Louisville‐Jefferson County Information Consortium (LOJIC). Data are provided by permission of the LOJIC partners which include Louisville Metro Government, Louisville Water Company, the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District, and the Jefferson County Property Valuation Administrator.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Weekly Jefferson County reported clinical cases (per 100,000 people); (b) clinical cases reported based on wastewater catchment area scale of 17 sampling locations; (c) wastewater SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA concentration (N1 copies per ml) from the selected 17 sampling locations (n = 237).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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