Roles of existing drug and drug targets for COVID-19 management

Abstract

In December 2019, a highly transmissible, pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), erupted in China and other countries, resulting in devastation and health crisis worldwide currently. The search and using existing drugs support to curb the current highly contagious viral infection is spirally increasing since the pandemic began. This is based on these drugs had against other related RNA-viruses such as MERS-Cov, and SARS-Cov. Moreover, researchers are scrambling to identify novel drug targets and discover novel therapeutic options to vanquish the current pandemic. Since there is no definitive treatment to control Covid-19 vaccines are remain to be a lifeline. Currently, many vaccine candidates are being developed with most of them are reported to have positive results. Therapeutic targets such as helicases, transmembrane serine protease 2, cathepsin L, cyclin G-associated kinase, adaptor-associated kinase 1, two-pore channel, viral virulence factors, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, suppression of excessive inflammatory response, inhibition of viral membrane, nucleocapsid, envelope, and accessory proteins, and inhibition of endocytosis were identified as a potential target against COVID-19 infection. This review also summarizes plant-based medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 such as saposhnikoviae divaricata, lonicerae japonicae flos, scutellaria baicalensis, lonicera japonicae, and some others. Thus, this review aimed to focus on the most promising therapeutic targets being repurposed against COVID-19 and viral elements that are used in COVID-19 vaccine candidates.

Keywords: 3CLpro, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease; AAK1, adaptor-associated kinase 1; ACE-2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2; CEF, Cepharanthine; COVID-19; COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; Existing drug; GAK, cyclin G-associated kinase; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; Management; Nsp, non-structure protein; ORF, open reading frame; PLpro, papain-like protease; RdRp, RNA-dependence RNA-polymerase; SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane Serine Protease 2; TPC2, two-pore channel 2; Therapeutic target.