Drowning and aquatic injuries dictionary

David Szpilman^{1

2

3

4}, Jose Palacios Aguilar^{1

5}, Roberto Barcala-Furelos^{1

4

6

7}, Shayne Baker^{1

8

9}, Cody Dunne^{1

4

10}, Amy E Peden^{1

3

11}, Rob Brander^{1

12

13}, Andreas Claesson^{1

14}, Stathis Avramidis^{1

15

16}, Justine Leavy^{1

17}, Jamie Linnea Luckhaus^{1

18}, Leonardo A Manino^{1

4

19

20}, Olga Marques^{1

21

22}, Nina Joy Nyitrai^{1

23}, Luis-Miguel Pascual-Gomez^{1

24

25}, Leonardo Springer^{1

26

27

28}, Teresa Jane Stanley^{1

29}, Allart M Venema^{1

30}, Ana Catarina Queiroga^{1

3

4

31

32}

Affiliations

¹ IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.
² Brazilian Lifesaving Society (SOBRASA), Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
³ Drowning Prevention Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
⁴ Medical Committee, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
⁵ Grupo Internacional de Actividades de Prevención y Socorrismo (GIAPS), Spain.
⁶ REMOSS Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte de Pontevedra, Universidade de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
⁷ CLINURSID Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Public Health, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
⁸ Royal Life Saving Society (RLSS), The Commonwealth, Worcester, UK.
⁹ Rescue Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁰ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹¹ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹² School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
¹³ UNSW Sydney Beach Safety Research Group, Sydney, Australia.
¹⁴ Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁵ Greek Lifesaving Sports Association, Greece.
¹⁶ National Public Health Organization, Greece.
¹⁷ Collaboration for Evidence, Research & Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia.
¹⁸ Boy Scouts of America, USA.
¹⁹ EPSA - Argentinian Life Saving Aquatic Team - Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
²⁰ Board of Directors - International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
²¹ University of Coimbra, Portugal.
²² Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Portugal.
²³ University of Newcastle Australia, Australia.
²⁴ Escuela Segoviana de Socorrismo, Spain.
²⁵ AETSAS (Spanish Association of Professional Lifesavers), Spain.
²⁶ FEPONS, Portugal.
²⁷ ISEC Lisboa Polytechnic, Portugal.
²⁸ CIEBA-FBAUL, Portugal.
²⁹ Drowning Prevention Auckland, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
³⁰ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³¹ EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³² ASNASA - Associação de Nadadores Salvadores "Patrão Salva Vidas Ezequiel da Silva Seabra", Portugal.

PMID: 34223340
PMCID: PMC8244532
DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100072

Drowning and aquatic injuries dictionary

David Szpilman et al. Resusc Plus. 2021.

. 2021 Jan 20:5:100072.

doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100072. eCollection 2021 Mar.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ IDRA - International Drowning Researchers' Alliance, Kuna, Idaho, USA.
² Brazilian Lifesaving Society (SOBRASA), Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
³ Drowning Prevention Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
⁴ Medical Committee, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
⁵ Grupo Internacional de Actividades de Prevención y Socorrismo (GIAPS), Spain.
⁶ REMOSS Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y del Deporte de Pontevedra, Universidade de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
⁷ CLINURSID Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Public Health, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
⁸ Royal Life Saving Society (RLSS), The Commonwealth, Worcester, UK.
⁹ Rescue Commission, International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁰ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹¹ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹² School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
¹³ UNSW Sydney Beach Safety Research Group, Sydney, Australia.
¹⁴ Centre for Resuscitation Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁵ Greek Lifesaving Sports Association, Greece.
¹⁶ National Public Health Organization, Greece.
¹⁷ Collaboration for Evidence, Research & Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia.
¹⁸ Boy Scouts of America, USA.
¹⁹ EPSA - Argentinian Life Saving Aquatic Team - Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
²⁰ Board of Directors - International Lifesaving Federation (ILS), Leuven, Belgium.
²¹ University of Coimbra, Portugal.
²² Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Portugal.
²³ University of Newcastle Australia, Australia.
²⁴ Escuela Segoviana de Socorrismo, Spain.
²⁵ AETSAS (Spanish Association of Professional Lifesavers), Spain.
²⁶ FEPONS, Portugal.
²⁷ ISEC Lisboa Polytechnic, Portugal.
²⁸ CIEBA-FBAUL, Portugal.
²⁹ Drowning Prevention Auckland, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
³⁰ Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³¹ EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
³² ASNASA - Associação de Nadadores Salvadores "Patrão Salva Vidas Ezequiel da Silva Seabra", Portugal.

PMID: 34223340
PMCID: PMC8244532
DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100072

Abstract

Background: Drowning is a significant public health issue with more than 320,000 deaths globally every year. These numbers are greatly underestimated, however, due to factors such as inadequate data collection, inconsistent categorization and failure to report in certain regions and cultures.The objective of this study was to develop a standardised drowning dictionary using a consensus-based approach. Through creation of this resource, improved clarity amongst stakeholders will be achieved and, as a result, so will our understanding of the drowning issue.

Methodology: A list of terms and their definitions were created and sent to 16 drowning experts with a broad range of backgrounds across four continents and six languages. A review was conducted using a modified Delphi process over five rounds. A sixth round was done by an external panel evaluating the terms' content validity.

Results: The drowning dictionary included more than 350 terms. Of these, less than 10% had been previously published in peer review literature. On average, the external expert validity endorsing the dictionary shows a Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.91, exceeding the scientific recommended value. Ninety one percent of the items present an I-CVI (Level Content Validity Index) value considered acceptable (>0.78). The endorsement was not a universal agreement (S-CVI/UA: 0.44).

Conclusion: The drowning dictionary provides a common language, and the authors envisage that its use will facilitate collaboration and comparison across prevention sectors, education, research, policy and treatment. The dictionary will be open to readers for discussion and further review at www.idra.world.

Keywords: Definition; Dictionary; Drowning; Prevention; Terminology.

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Figures

**Fig. 1**
The drowning timeline (reproduced with permission from the authors). Triggers, actions and interventions are arranged to reflect the real chronological sequence of the drowning process. The overlap between the reaction and mitigation actions represents the diffuse transition between the two actions. This occurs when the victim is still being rescued, but some of the interventions of the rescuer can already be regarded as mitigating interventions. The original article is mentioned as footnote of the figure and can be consulted for a detailed description of all components of the drowning timeline.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. World Health Organization . WHO Press; Geneva: 2014. Global Report on Drowning: Preventing A Leading Killer. ISBN 978 92 4 156478 6. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/drowning_glo....
1. Szpilman D., Barros O.R., Mocellin O., Webber J. Is drowning a mere matter of resuscitation? Resuscitation. 2018;129:103–106. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.06.018. - DOI - PubMed
1. Peden A.E., Mahony A.J., Barnsley P.D., Scarr J. Understanding the full burden of drowning: a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of fatal and non-fatal drowning in Australia. BMJ Open. 2018;8 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024868. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Szpilman D., Sempsrott J., Webber J. “Dry drowning” and other myths. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018;85:529–535. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.85a.17070. - DOI - PubMed
1. Venema A.M., Webber J., Schmidt A.C., Semsprott J., Szpilman D., Queiroga A.C. Reply to letter: neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes in a nearly drowned child with cardiac arrest and hypothermia resuscitated after 43 min of no flow-time: a case study. Resuscitation. 2017;122:e7–e8. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.07.017. - DOI - PubMed

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Drowning and aquatic injuries dictionary

Affiliations

Drowning and aquatic injuries dictionary

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources