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. 2021 Oct;93(10):6063-6067.
doi: 10.1002/jmv.27180. Epub 2021 Jul 11.

Rhinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions-A nationwide register study in Finland

Ilari Kuitunen  1   2 , Miia Artama  3   4 , Marjut Haapanen  1 , Marjo Renko  1   5   6
Affiliations

Rhinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions-A nationwide register study in Finland

Ilari Kuitunen et al. J Med Virol. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Social restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic strongly affected the epidemiology of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). As rhinovirus seemed to spread despite the restrictions, we aimed to analyze rhinovirus epidemiology in children during the pandemic. This register-based study used data from the Finnish Infectious Disease Register. Nationwide rhinovirus findings from July 2015 to March 2021 were included and stratified by age (0-4, 5-9, and 10-14). Cumulative 14-day incidence per 100000 children was calculated. Four thousand five hundred and seventy six positive rhinovirus findings were included, of which 3788 (82.8%) were among children aged 0-4. The highest recorded incidence was 36.2 among children aged 0-4 in October 2017. The highest recorded incidence during the pandemic period was 13.6 in November 2020. The impact of the restrictions was mostly seen among children aged 0-4 years of age in weeks 14-22 in 2020. The incidence has since remained near reference levels in all age groups. Strict restrictions temporarily interrupted the circulation of rhinovirus in spring 2020. Rhinovirus incidence returned to normal levels soon after the harsh restrictions were lifted. These looser social restrictions prevented RSV and influenza seasons but failed to prevent the spread of rhinovirus.

Keywords: epidemiology; nonpharmaceutical interventions; rhinovirus; surveillance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Fourteen‐day cumulative incidences of laboratory‐confirmed rhinovirus infections per 1,00,000 children for children aged 0–14 from July 2015 to March 2021 in Finland. Light blue box indicates the pandemic period
Figure 2
Figure 2
Age‐stratified comparison of rhinovirus seasons based on laboratory‐confirmed findings from July 2015 to March 2021 presented as 14‐day cumulative incidence per 1,00,000 children in each age group. (A) Children aged 0–4. (B) Children aged 5–9, and (C) Children aged 10–14. Light pink box indicates the lockdown with school and day care closures in weeks 12–20 in spring 2020. Light blue box indicates the period of regional restrictions without school and day care closures from September 2020 to March 2021
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