Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Mar 10;37(1):123-127.
doi: 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0511.

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Cardiac Surgery

Arian Arjomandi Rad  1 , Robert Vardanyan  1 , Aleksandra Lopuszko  2 , Christina Alt  3 , Ingo Stoffels  4 , Bastian Schmack  5 , Arjang Ruhparwar  5 , Konstantin Zhigalov  5 , Alina Zubarevich  5 , Alexander Weymann  5
Affiliations

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Cardiac Surgery

Arian Arjomandi Rad et al. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. .

Abstract

Virtual and augmented reality can be defined as a three-dimensional real-world simulation allowing the user to directly interact with it. Throughout the years, virtual reality has gained great popularity in medicine and is currently being adopted for a wide range of purposes. Due to its dynamic anatomical nature, permanent drive towards decreasing invasiveness, and strive for innovation, cardiac surgery depicts itself as a unique environment for virtual reality. Despite substantial research limitations in cardiac surgery, the current literature has shown great applicability of this technology, and promising opportunities.

Keywords: Augmented Reality; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Medicine; Technology; Virtual Reality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

No conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Practical implementation of the virtual reality in the surgical operating room.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic display of extended realities. A) Virtual reality: digital space is completely separated from the environment. B) Augmented reality: digital space is integrated into the users’ natural environment. C) Mixed reality: the user is able to stay in his natural environment and still interact with the digital information.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Augmented reality in cardiac surgery (by Sadeghi et al. [14]). A and B) Coronary angiography with proximally calcified aneurysm and an occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) with collateral retrograde filling from the right coronary artery (RCA) and no abnormalities in the left circumflex (Cx) artery. C) Reconstructions of a computed tomography (CT) scan were made by rendering three-dimensional virtual reality (VR) images. D and E) Reconstruction of the CT scan. G-J) Immersive VR was used to plan for the insertion location of thoracoscopic ports (for left internal mammary arteries [LIMA] harvesting) and for determining the ideal location for anterior mini-thoracotomy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Li L, Yu F, Shi D, Shi J, Tian Z, Yang J. Application of virtual reality technology in clinical medicine. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(9):3867–3880. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Southworth MK, Silva JR, Silva JNA. Use of extended realities in cardiology. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(3):143–148. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.04.005. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Laver KE, George S, Thomas S, Deutsch JE, Crotty M. Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(2):CD008349–CD008349. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008349.pub3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gurusamy KS, Aggarwal R, Palanivelu L, Davidson BR. Virtual reality training for surgical trainees in laparoscopic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD006575–CD006575. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006575.pub2. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Vozenilek J, Huff JS, Reznek M, Gordon JA. See one, do one, teach one advanced technology in medical education. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11(11):1149–1154. doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2004.08.003. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources