Most Findings Obtained With Untimed Visual Illusions Are Confounded

Abstract

Visual illusions have been studied extensively, but their time course has not. Here we show, in a sample of more than 550 people, that unrestricted presentation times-as opposed to presentations lasting only a single second-weaken the Ebbinghaus illusion, strengthen lightness contrast with double increments, and do not alter lightness contrast with double decrements. When presentation time is unrestricted, these illusions are affected in the same way (decrease, increase, no change) by how long observers look at them. Our results imply that differences in illusion magnitude between individuals or groups are confounded with differences in inspection time, no matter whether stimuli are evaluated in matching, adjustment, or untimed comparison tasks. We offer an explanation for why these three illusions progress differently, and we spell out how our findings challenge theories of lightness, theories of global-local processing, and the interpretation of all research that has investigated visual illusions, or used them as tools, without considering inspection time.

Keywords: Ebbinghaus illusion; cognitive style; global-local processing; lightness perception; methodological confounds; observation time; open data; perceptual style; visual perception.