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Review
. 2021 Dec 2;22(23):3263-3269.
doi: 10.1002/cbic.202100283. Epub 2021 Jul 30.

Sphaeropsidin A: A Pimarane Diterpene with Interesting Biological Activities and Promising Practical Applications

Marco Masi  1 , Antonio Evidente  1
Affiliations
Review

Sphaeropsidin A: A Pimarane Diterpene with Interesting Biological Activities and Promising Practical Applications

Marco Masi et al. Chembiochem. .

Abstract

Sphaeropsidin A (SphA) is a tetracyclic pimarane diterpene, first isolated as the main phytotoxin produced by Diplodia cupressi the causal agent of a severe canker disease of Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.). It was also produced, together with several analogues, by different pathogenic Diplodia species and other fungi and showed a broad array of biological activities suggesting its promising application in agriculture and medicine. The anticancer activity of SphA is very potent and cell specific. Recent studies have revealed its unique mode of action. This minireview reports the structures of SphA and its family of natural analogues, their biosynthetic origins, their fungal sources, and biological activities. The preparation of various SphA derivatives is also described as well as the results of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and on their potential practical applications.

Keywords: Pimarane diterpenes; biological activity; natural analogues and semisynthetic derivatives; potential practical application; sphaeropsidin A.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sphaeropsidins A–G (1–7) produced by different pathogenic Diplodia species.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Biosynthetic pathway from geranylgeranylpyrosphate (GGPP) to sphaeropsidin A.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Sphaeropsidins natural analogues (8–19).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Hemisynthetic derivatives of sphaeropsidins A–C (20–34).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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