Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Jul;71(5):1479-1485.
doi: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1942003. Epub 2021 Jul 9.

Displacement imposition scale assesses reactions of cigarette and e-cigarette users impacted by a campus-wide smoking ban

Delaney S Dunn  1 , Eleanor L S Leavens  2 , Susanna V Lopez  1 , Emily A Warner  1 , Emma I Brett  3 , Ashley B Cole  1 , Thad R Leffingwell  1
Affiliations

Displacement imposition scale assesses reactions of cigarette and e-cigarette users impacted by a campus-wide smoking ban

Delaney S Dunn et al. J Am Coll Health. 2023 Jul.

Abstract

Objective: The present study developed a measure assessing the emotional responses, "Displacement Imposition," of cigarette and e-cigarette users on a college campus with a smoking/vaping ban. It also examined the relationship between Displacement Imposition and readiness to quit smoking/vaping, and how this relationship differed between cigarette and e-cigarette users.

Participants: Participants (N = 297) were from a large, Midwestern university.

Methods: Participants completed online questionnaires assessing demographics, cigarette and e-cigarette use, Displacement Imposition, and readiness to quit.

Results: All six Displacement Imposition items loaded onto a single factor. A significant interaction emerged between Displacement Imposition and product use in predicting readiness to quit. At high levels of Displacement Imposition, cigarette users were less ready to quit than e-cigarette users.

Conclusions: Findings suggest restrictions imposed on cigarette and e-cigarette users were associated with reduced readiness to quit. Findings inform tobacco control policies as tobacco denormalization may increase the burden placed on tobacco users.

Keywords: Cigarettes; displacement imposition; e-cigarettes; smoking bans; vaping bans.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest disclosure

The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. The authors confirm that the research presented in this article met the ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements, of the United State of America and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Oklahoma State University.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Interaction between Displacement Imposition and cigarette vs. e-cigarette use status on readiness to quit.
Note. Displacement Imposition groups are 1 SD above the mean (low), at the mean (medium) and 1 SD below the mean (high). Readiness to quit smoking/e-cigarette use was measured using a single sliding scale that ranged from 1 (not all ready) to 10 (totally ready).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Lavack AM. De-normalization of tobacco in Canada. Social Marketing Quarterly. 1999;5(3):82–85. doi:10.1080/15245004.1999.9961068. - DOI
    1. Tobacco Control Section. A Model for Change: The California Experience in Tobacco Control. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Health Services, 1998.
    1. World Health Organisation. WHO framework convention on tobacco control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
    1. Basto-Abreu AC, Christine PJ, Zepeda-Tello R, et al. Behaviours and opinions towards outdoor smoking bans and cigarette littering in Baja California, Mexico. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(3):309–313. doi:10.1093/heapol/czv059. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Baile WF, Gibertini M, Ulschak F, Snow-Antle S, Hann D. Impact of a hospital smoking ban: changes in tobacco use and employee attitudes. Addict Behav. 1991;16(6):419–426. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(91)90050-r. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types