The effects of sleep deprivation on the processing of emotional facial expressions in young adults with and without ADHD

Abstract

The ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions is essential to the development of complex social cognition behaviors, and impairments in this ability are associated with poor social competence. This study aimed to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on the processing of emotional facial expressions and nonfacial stimuli in young adults with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thirty-five men (mean age 25.4) with (n = 19) and without (n = 16) ADHD participated in the study. During the five days preceding the experimental session, the participants were required to sleep at least seven hours per night (23:00/24:00-7:00/9:00) and their sleep was monitored via actigraphy. On the morning of the experimental session, the participants completed a 4-stimulus visual oddball task combining facial and nonfacial stimuli, and repeated it after 25 h of sustained wakefulness. At baseline, both study groups had poorer performance in response to facial rather than non-facial target stimuli on all indices of the oddball task, with no differences between the groups. Following sleep deprivation, rates of omission errors, commission errors and reaction time variability increased significantly in the ADHD group but not in the control group. Time and target type (face/non-face) did not have an interactive effect on any indices of the oddball task. Young adults with ADHD are more sensitive to the negative effects of sleep deprivation on attentional processes, including those related to the processing of emotional facial expressions. As poor sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness are common in individuals with ADHD, it is feasible that poor sleep quality and quantity play an important role in cognitive functioning deficits, including the processing of emotional facial expressions that are associated with ADHD.

Figure 1

Boxplot (median, minimum–maximum) of the rates of omission errors on trials with target (angry) faces or target shapes for the ADHD group (A) and the control group (B). Differences between the rates of omission errors before (time 0) and after sleep deprivation (time 0 + 25) were examined across target type for each group using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. **p < 0.01.

Figure 2

Boxplot (median, minimum–maximum) of the reaction times (RT) in response to target (angry) faces or target shapes for the ADHD group (A) and the control group (B).

Figure 3

Boxplot (median, minimum–maximum) of the reaction time variability (RTSD) on trials with target faces or target shapes for the ADHD group (A) and the control group (B). Differences between the rates of omission errors before (time 0) and after sleep deprivation (time 0 + 25) were examined across target type for each group using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ***p < .001.

Figure 4

Rates of commission errors on trials with non-target faces or non-target shapes for the ADHD group (A) and the control group (B). Differences between the rates of omission errors before (time 0) and after sleep deprivation (time 0 + 25) were examined across target type for each group using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. **p < 0.01.