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Editorial
. 2021 Sep;473(9):1333-1337.
doi: 10.1007/s00424-021-02605-3.

Where vision begins

Daniele Dell'Orco  1 , Karl-Wilhelm Koch  2 , Giorgio Rispoli  3
Affiliations
Editorial

Where vision begins

Daniele Dell'Orco et al. Pflugers Arch. 2021 Sep.
No abstract available

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Historical pictures of phototransduction. a Drawing of a vertical section of a fish (perch) retina as published by Heinrich Müller (1856) (original Fig. 1 of Appendix I; book in German) [16]. The sketch shows the principal layers of a vertebrate retina; the pigment epithelium (a, dark brown) covers most of the rod outer segments (1) and parts of the cone outer segments (b). Clearly visible are the outer nuclear layer (2), the outer plexiform layer (3), the inner nuclear layer (4), a further “granular layer,” probably the inner plexiform layer (5), the ganglion cell layer (6, “nerve cell layer”), and the optic nerve fiber layer (7) (b). The first diagram of the retina published by Ferruccio Tartuferi in 1887 (Table XIX; paper in Italian) [20]. The numbers identify correctly the organization of the retinal layers and cells: 1, rod and cone photoreceptors, joined to the outer nuclear layer (“neuroepithelial layer” in the original figure legend); 2, outer plexiform layer (“subepithelial layer”); 3, inner nuclear layer, with horizontal and bipolar cells (“cellular portion of the first cerebral layer” endowed with “plumed cells,” in black, and with “large superficial cells,” in red); 4, inner plexiform layer (“inner reticular layer”); 5, ganglion cell layer, with ganglion cell axons (“layer of the nervous cells,” in light blue, “and of the nerve fibers”)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The membrane ion transport and the phototransduction cascade shared by retinal rods and cones across species. Besides the ubiquitous sustained outward K+ current, many other conductances that have been found in rod and cones of different species are omitted. Other regulatory proteins and pathways, as RD3, the Ca2+-regulation of other enzymes besides GCAP and recoverin (REC), and the pigment epithelium processes that resynthesize Rh, are omitted as well for simplicity and/or because are too speculative yet
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