Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022:268:31-41.
doi: 10.1007/164_2021_510.

Allergy: Type I, II, III, and IV

Edward F Knol  1 , Stefanie Gilles  2
Affiliations

Allergy: Type I, II, III, and IV

Edward F Knol et al. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2022.

Abstract

Hypersensitivity reactions are overreactions of the immune system clinically seen as allergic and autoimmune diseases. Gell and Coombs originally described four different types of hypersensitivity reactions almost 60 years ago, and their description still applies in large parts. However, some modifications and extensions have been included in original definition. Especially in allergic diseases, it became clear that often, multiple types of hypersensitivity reaction can occur simultaneously. This improved insight is not only important for a better understanding of hypersensitivity disorders, but is especially of importance for improved diagnostics and directing therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: Allergy; Gell and Coombs; Hypersensitivity.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

    1. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (2018) Hypersensitivity disorders. In: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (eds) Cellular and molecular immunology, 9th edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 437–457
    1. Basu S, Banik BK (2018) Hypersensitivity: an overview. Immunol Curr Res 2(1):105
    1. Beck LA, Thaçi D, Hamilton JD, Graham NM, Bieber T, Rocklin R, Ming JE, Ren H, Kao R, Simpson E, Ardeleanu M, Weinstein SP, Pirozzi G, Guttman-Yassky E, Suárez-Fariñas M, Hager MD, Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD, Radin AR (2014) Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 371(2):130–139 - DOI
    1. Bennich HH, Ishizaka K, Johansson SG, Rowe DS, Stanworth DR, Terry WD (1968) Immunoglobulin E: a new class of human immunoglobulin. Immunology 15(3):323–324 - PubMed - PMC
    1. Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, van Wichen DF, Toonstra J, Berrens L, Bruijnzeel PL (1986) The presence of IgE molecules on epidermal Langerhans cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 278(3):199–205 - DOI

LinkOut - more resources